1938

Events

January

January 1 - State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France and the Netherlands.
January 20 - King Farouk of Egypt marries Safinaz Zulficar, who becomes Queen Farida, in Cairo.
January 27 - The Honeymoon Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York, collapses as a result of an ice jam.

February

February 4
* Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, he dismisses political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is dismissed, and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.
* Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first cel-animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States, following a premiere on December 21 of the previous year.
February 6 - Black Sunday at Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia: 300 swimmers are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 lifesavers save all but 5.
February 10
* Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers.
* Second Sino-Japanese War: Bombing of Chongqing begins.
February 12 - Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government.
February 22 - The Battle of Teruel ends in a Nationalist victory with recapture of the city, a turning point in the Spanish Civil War.
February 24 - A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.

March

March 1 - Lee Byung-chul establishes a trucking business in Daegu, Korea, which he names Samsung Trading Co, the forerunner to Samsung.
March 3
* The Santa Ana River in California, United States, spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County, and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.
* Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa, in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers; Hitler rejects the British offer.
March 12 - Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation is declared the following day.
March 14 - French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia, in the event of a German invasion.
March 17 - Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.
March 27 - Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly under mysterious circumstances, while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples.
March 28 - At a meeting with Hitler in Berlin, Konrad Henlein is instructed to make increasing demands concerning the status of the Sudetenland, but to avoid reaching an agreement with Czechoslovak authorities.
March 30 - Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III, as First Marshal of the Empire.

April

April 10
* Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.
* In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approves Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.
April 16 - The UK and Italy sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia, in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its 10,000 troops from Spain, at the conclusion of the civil war there.
April 18 - Superman first appears in Action Comics #1. The date is established in court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman.
April 24 - Konstantin Päts becomes the first President of Estonia.

May

May 5
* The Vatican recognizes Francisco Franco's government in Spain.
* General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün, the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack.
May 12 - U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects the Soviet Union's offer of a joint defence pact, to counter the rise of Nazi Germany.
May 14 - Chile withdraws from the League of Nations.
May 19 - May Crisis 1938: Czechoslovak intelligence receives reports of menacing German military concentrations.
May 20 - Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.
May 21 - Tsuyama massacre: Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1957.
May 23 - No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.
May 25
* Spanish Civil War: Alicante is bombed by fascist rebels, resulting in 313 deaths.
* The Soviet ambassador to the United States, A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready to defend Czechoslovakia.
May 28 - In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.
May 30 - Hitler issues a revised directive for Fall Grün – the invasion of Czechoslovakia – to be carried out by October 1, 1938.

June

June 5 & 7 - The 1938 Yellow River flood is created by the Nationalist government in central China, breaching embankments during the early stage of the Second Sino-Japanese War, in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces. The flood kills at least 400,000, covers and destroys thousands of square kilometers of farmland, and shifts the mouth of the Yellow River hundreds of kilometers to the south.
June 11 - Fire destroys 214 buildings in Ludza, Latvia.
June 15 - László Bíró patents the ballpoint pen in Britain.
June 19 - Italy beats Hungary 4–2, to win the 1938 FIFA World Cup.
June 22 - Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch, at Yankee Stadium in New York City.
June 25 - Dr. Douglas Hyde takes office as the first President of Ireland.

July

July - The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.
July 1 - The South African Press Association is established, with offices in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.
July 3
* The steam locomotive Mallard sets the world speed record for steam, by reaching 125.88 mph on the London and North Eastern Railway.
* The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
July 5 - The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican International Brigades, notably those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.
July 6 - The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution, and the United States will take only 27,370.
July 14 - Howard Hughes sets a new record, by completing a 91-hour airplane flight around the world.
July 18 - Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California. He lands in Ireland instead.
July 22 - Britain rejects a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four-power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R., as London will under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.
July 24 - The north face of the Eiger in the Alps is first ascended.
July 28
* 1938 Greek coup d'état attempt: A revolt against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship in Greece is put down in Chania.
* Pan Am flying boat Hawaii Clipper disappears with 6 passengers and 9 crew members, en route from Guam to Manila.

August

August - In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking.
August 10 - At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view.
August 18 - Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.
August 23 - Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that "he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia.

September

September - The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia becomes increasingly severe.
September 5 - Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.
September 6 - What eventually proves to be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies" begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed that Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia.
September 10 - Hermann Göring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a "miserable pygmy race" who are "harassing the human race". That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.
September 12 - Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Beneš. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network, with a summation of Hitler's address.
September 13 - The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler, urgently requesting that they both meet.
September 15 - Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden, to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland.
September 16 - Lord Runciman is recalled to London from Prague, in order to brief the British government on the situation in the Sudetenland.
September 17 - Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London, to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. Red Army masses along the Ukrainian frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia.
September 18
*During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain, the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent that neither the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence.
*Mussolini makes a speech in Trieste, Italy, where he indicates that Italy is supporting Germany in the Sudeten crisis.
September 21
* In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš, to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon, the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.
* Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security, if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.
* Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands, both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.
* The 1938 New England hurricane in the United States strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.
September 22
* Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the British and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns. General Jan Syrový takes his place.
* Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg, for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.
September 23
* The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.
* As the Polish army masses along the Czech border, the Soviet Union warns Poland that if it crosses the Czech frontier, Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries as void.
September 24
* Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt, war group". Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and willingness of France to go to war.
* At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army.
September 25 - British Royal Navy is ordered to sea.
September 26 - In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time.
September 28 - As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.
September 29
* Colonel Graham Christie, former British military attaché in Berlin, is told by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is likely to cause a world war.
* Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.
* The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria; it lasts for less than a year.
September 30 - Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler, and declares "Peace for our time".

October

October - The Imperial Japanese Army largely overruns Canton.
October 1 - German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum, stating that Trans-Olza region must be handed over within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply; Polish forces occupy Trans-Olza.
October 2
* Tiberias massacre: Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants.
* Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.
October 4 - The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat, as agreed on July 5.
October 5
*Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.
*Nuremberg Laws: In Nazi Germany, Jews' passports are invalidated, and those who need a passport for emigration purposes are given one marked with the letter J.
October 16 - Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat, and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.
October 18 - The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.
October 21 - In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the "liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation of Memel.
October 24
* French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries out a major purge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dismissing or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and René Massigli.
* At a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.
October 27 - DuPont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".

November

November 2 - Arising from The Munich Agreement, Hungary is "awarded" the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.
November 7 - Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan.
November 9 - Holocaust - Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses. One of several significant events on 9 November in German history.
November 11
* İsmet İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey.
* Celâl Bayar forms the new government of Turkey.
November 12 - French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity, and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.
November 16 - LSD is first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine, at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.
November 18 - Trade union members elect John L. Lewis, as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the United States.
November 25 - French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.
November 30
* The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
* Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister, Count Galeazzo Ciano, order "spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations, that lasts until March 1939.
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II of Romania. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while trying to escape".
* A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party, to protest the laws of November 12.

December

December - Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year", as the most influential person of the year.
December 1 - Slovakia is granted the status of an autonomous state, under Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso.
December 6 - German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.
December 11 - Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.
December 13 - The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.
December 15 - The Netherlands closes its border to refugees.
December 17 - Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of uranium, the scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of the Atomic Age.
December 23 - A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa, near the Chalumna River.
December 24 - Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.
December 27 - A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87 people.

Date unknown

Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya is established by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
The last Schomburgk's deer in the wild is said to have been killed.
Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives–Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.

Births

January–February

January 2
* Goh Kun, Korean politician, Mayor of Seoul and 31st Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea
* Bohumil Nemecek, Czechoslovakian Olympic boxer
January 4 - Mohamed Rahmat, Malaysian politician
January 5
* King Juan Carlos I of Spain
* Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Kenyan writer
January 6 – Adriano Celentano, Italian singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and filmmaker
January 7 - Roland Topor, French illustrator
January 10 - Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
January 13 - Shivkumar Sharma, Indian musician
January 14
* Morihiro Hosokawa, Japanese politician, 50th Prime Minister of Japan
* Jack Jones, American singer
* Allen Toussaint, American musician, composer
January 23 - Georg Baselitz, German painter, sculptor
January 25
* Etta James, African-American singer
* Shotaro Ishinomori, Japanese manga artist
* Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, poet and actor
* Yolanda Ciani, Mexican actress
January 28 - Tomas Lindahl, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
January 30 - Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan
January 31 - Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
February 1 - Sherman Hemsley, African-American comedian and actor
February 2 - Pilar Pellicer, Mexican actress
February 3 - Emile Griffith, American welterweight boxer
February 11 - Mohammed Gammoudi, Tunisian Olympic athlete
February 18 - István Szabó, Hungarian film director
February 24
* James Farentino, American actor
* Phil Knight, American sportswear entrepreneur
February 25 - Herb Elliott, Australian runner
February 27 - Pascale Petit, French actress

March–April

March 1 - Tufuga Efi, Samoa political figure, 3rd Prime Minister of Samoa and O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa
March 2 - Ricardo Lagos Escobar, President of Chile
March 4
* Alpha Condé, 4th President of Guinea
* Paula Prentiss, American actress
March 5 - Fred Williamson, American football player and actor
March 7 - David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
March 12 - Dumitru Fărcaș, Romanian tárogató player
March 14 - Árpád Orbán, Hungarian footballer
March 17
* Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer, choreographer
* Keith O'Brien, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Edinburgh
March 18
* Timo Mäkinen, Finnish racing driver
* Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor, director, and producer
March 21 - Luigi Tenco, Italian singer-songwriter
March 24 - David Irving, English author and Holocaust denier
March 25 - Hoyt Axton, American country music singer, songwriter and actor
March 26 - Anthony James Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
March 30 - Klaus Schwab, German economist, founder of the World Economic Forum
March 31 - Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician
April 7 - Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter
April 8 - Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary-General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
April 10 - Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician
April 11 - Kurt Moll, German operatic bass
April 15 - Claudia Cardinale, Tunisian-born Italian actress
April 16 - Kasdi Merbah, Algerian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Algeria
April 20 - Betty Cuthbert, Australian track athlete
April 22 - Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer
April 26
* Nino Benvenuti, Italian Olympic boxer
* Duane Eddy, American rock guitarist
April 28 - Madge Sinclair, Jamaican-American actress
April 29 - Bernard Madoff, American financial fraudster
April 30 - Larry Niven, American author

May–June

May 2 - King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho
May 9 - Carroll Cole, American serial killer
May 13 - Giuliano Amato, 48th Prime Minister of Italy
May 16 - Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian literature critic, television host and sexologist
May 19
*Girish Karnad, Indian actor, screenwriter and playwright
*Norbert Ostrowski, American automobile designer
May 22 - Susan Strasberg, American actress
May 24 - Prince Buster, Jamaican singer-songwriter
May 26
* William Bolcom, American composer and arranger
* Teresa Stratas, Canadian operatic soprano
May 28
* Jerry West, American basketball player and executive
* Dale Bell, American TV producer
June 2 - Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld, Princess of Sweden
June 5 - Karin Balzer, German athlete
June 24 - Abulfaz Elchibey, Azerbaijani political figure, 2nd President of Azerbaijan
June 26 - Maria Velho da Costa, Portuguese writer
June 30 - Billy Mills, American Olympic athlete

July–August

July 1 - Hariprasad Chaurasia, Indian classical flutist
July 3
* Bolo Yeung, Hong Kong actor
* Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer
July 4 - Bill Withers, African-American singer-songwriter
July 9 - Brian Dennehy, American actor
July 15 - Enrique Figuerola, Cuban sprinter
July 18 - Paul Verhoeven, Dutch film director
July 19 - Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist
July 20
* Diana Rigg, English actress
* Natalie Wood, American actress
July 21 - Janet Reno, American lawyer, U.S. Attorney General under Bill Clinton
July 22 - Terence Stamp, English actor
July 27 - Gary Gygax, American author, game designer
July 28
* Luis Aragonés, Spanish football player, manager
* Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian politician and dictator, President of Peru
* Chuan Leekpai, Thai politician, 20th Prime Minister of Thailand
July 29 - Peter Jennings, Canadian-American journalist
August 1
* Edward Sokoine, 2nd Prime Minister of Tanzania
* Yaşar Yakış, Turkish politician
August 3 - Sir Terry Wogan, Irish radio broadcaster, television presenter/personality
August 4 - Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond, Zairian politician
August 8 - Connie Stevens, American actress, singer and businesswoman
August 9
* Michèle Girardon, French actress
* Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine
* Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
August 11 – Nagat, Egyptian singer and actress
August 14 - Bennie Muller, Dutch footballer
August 15
* Stephen Breyer, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
* Maxine Waters, US Representative
August 16 - Emmanuel Rakotovahiny, 8th Prime Minister of Madagascar
August 19 - Valentin Mankin, Ukrainian Soviet sailor, Olympic triple champion and silver medalist
August 20
*Jacqueline Andere, Mexican actress
*Alain Vivien, French politician
August 21 - Kenny Rogers, American country singer
August 24 - Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
August 25 - Frederick Forsyth, English novelist
August 28 - Paul Martin, 21st Prime Minister of Canada
August 29
* Elliott Gould, American actor
* Robert Rubin, 70th US Treasury Secretary

Deaths

January

January 2 - Henry Victor Deligny, French general
January 3 - Arturo Berutti, Argentinian composer
January 4 - Paola Drigo, Italian novelist
January 5 - Karel Baxa, Czechoslovakian politician
January 8 - Christian Rohlfs, German painter
January 9 - Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist and children's book author
January 11 - Isidore Konti, Austrian-born Hungarian sculptor
January 14 - Jaakko Mäki, Finnish politician
January 17 - Vladimir Beneshevich, Soviet scholar, martyr
January 20
*Émile Cohl, French caricaturist, animator
*Liu Xiang, Chinese general
January 21 - Georges Méliès, French film director
January 22 - Sergei Buturlin, Soviet ornithologist
January 23 - J. P. Dahlén, Swedish worker, politician
January 28 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver
January 29 - Armando Palacio Valdés, Spanish writer
January 31 - Marcella Cosgrave, Irish nationalist leader

February

February 6 - George Auriol, French poet
February 7 - Harvey Firestone, American tire manufacturer
February 8 - Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark
February 9 - Arturo Caprotti, Italian engineer, architect
February 11
* Kalle Korhonen, Finnish politician
* Kazimierz Twardowski, Polish philosopher, logician
February 16 - Hal De Forrest, Portuguese-born American actor
February 18 - Leopoldo Lugones, Argentine writer, journalist
February 19 - Edmund Landau, German mathematician
February 21 - Matvei Petrovich Bronstein, Soviet physicist

March

March 1 - Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician
March 2 - William Blomfield, New Zealand cartoonist
March 7 - Andreas Michalakopoulos, Greek politician, 47th Prime Minister of Greece
March 10 - Ahn Changho, Korean independence activist
March 12 - Lyda Roberti, Polish actress
March 13
* Cevat Çobanlı, Ottoman military commander, Turkish army officer
* Clarence Darrow, American attorney
March 14 - Wang Mingzhang, Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army
March 15
* Alexei Rykov, Premier of Russia and Premier of the Soviet Union
* Nikolai Bukharin, Soviet politician
*Genrikh Yagoda, Soviet police and intelligence official
March 18 - Lidia Charskaya, Soviet actress, writer
March 19 - Magzhan Zhumabayev, Soviet writer, pedagogue
March 20
* Martin Burrell, Canadian politician
* Aleksandar Malinov, 17th Prime Minister of Bulgaria
March 26 - Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Indian writer, dramatist, novelist, poet and editor
March 27
* William Stern, German psychologist, philosopher
* Helen M. Winslow, American editor, author, and publisher
March 28 - Zheng Xiaoxu, Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first Prime Minister of Manchukuo
March 29 - Marcel Bloch, Swiss aviator

April

April 1 - Louis-Henri Foreau, French painter
April 2 - Hermanus Johannes Lovink, Dutch agriculturist and politician
April 6 - Khoren I of Armenia, Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church and patriarch
April 8 - King Oliver, American jazz musician
April 9 - Manuel Carrasco Formiguera, Spanish lawyer, politician
April 12 - Feodor Chaliapin, Soviet bass
April 14 - Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater
April 15 - César Vallejo, Peruvian poet
April 16 - Steve Bloomer, English footballer
April 17 - Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel, Austro-Hungarian general
April 21
* Sultan Majid Afandiyev, Soviet revolutionary, statesman
* Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Indian philosopher, poet
April 25 - Aleksander Świętochowski, Polish writer
April 27 - Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher

May

May 4 - Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
May 6 - Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, British politician and Governor General of Canada
May 7 - Octavian Goga, 37th Prime Minister of Romania
May 9 - Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist
May 10
*Benjamin Abrahão Botto, Brazilian photographer
*Cary D. Landis, American attorney and politician
May 13 - Charles Édouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
May 14 - Miguel Cabanellas, Spanish army officer
May 15 - Cao Kun, 6th President of the Republic of China
May 16
*Lewis Bayly, British admiral
*Ivan Mrkvička, Czechoslovakian-born Bulgarian painter
May 18 - Mikhail Babushkin, Soviet polar aviator
May 22 - William Glackens, American painter
May 24 – A. A. Burleigh, American minister, soldier
May 25 - Rafael Colliander, Finnish journalist, politician
May 26 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist
May 28 - Dale Bell, American TV producer
May 29 - Miguel Fleta, Spanish tenor

June

June 3 - Tulio Febres Cordero, Venezuelan writer, journalist
June 4 - Oscar Bystrom, Swedish actor
June 7 - Jenő Dsida, Hungarian poet, translator
June 15 - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German painter
June 19 - María Obligado de Soto y Calvo, Argentinian painter
June 21 - Mathilde Comont, French-born American actress
June 25 - Edith Anne Stoney, Irish physicist
June 26 - James Weldon Johnson, American author, politician, and diplomat
June 29 - Shlomo Ben-Yosef, Israeli Zionist leader

July

July 1 - Carrie Daumery, Dutch-born American actress
July 2 - Sir John James Burnet, British architect
July 4
* Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic politician
* Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis champion
July 9 - Benjamin N. Cardozo, United States Supreme Court Justice
July 10 - Arthur Barclay, 15th president of Liberia
July 14 - Abel Adams, Finnish producer
July 17 - Robert Wiene, German director
July 18 - Queen Marie of Romania
July 20 - George Martley Davis, Australian politician
July 24 - Pedro Figari, Uruguayan painter, writer and politician
July 25
* Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein
* Kōsaku Hamada, Japanese academic, archaeologist and author
July 27 - Tom Crean, Irish seaman, Antarctic explorer
July 28
* Yakov Davydov, Soviet general
* Jukums Vācietis, Soviet military commander
* Iosif Vareikis, Soviet politician
July 29
* Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator, commander of Red Army Air Forces
* Nikolai Antipov, Soviet politician
* Yan Berzin. Soviet politician and military intelligence officer
* Pavel Dybenko, Russian bolshevik and Soviet military commander
* Nikolai Krylenko, Russian bolshevik and Soviet politician
* Jānis Rudzutaks, Russian bolshevik and Soviet politician

August

August 2 - Edmund Dunggan, Irish-born Australian actor
August 4 - Pearl White, American actress
August 6 - Warner Oland, Swedish-born American actor
August 7 - Konstantin Stanislavsky, Soviet theatre practitioner
August 9 - Leo Frobenius, German ethnologist, archaeologist and Africanist
August 14 - Hugh Trumble, Australian cricketer
August 16 - Robert Johnson, American blues singer
August 17 - Wage Rudolf Supratman, Indonesian violinist and composer
August 21 - Tomasz Dąbal, Polish activist
August 23
* Carlos Echandi, Costa Rican surgeon
* Frank Hawks, American aviator
August 26 - Teodor Axentowicz, Polish-born Soviet painter
August 29 - Béla Kun, Hungarian Communist leader

September

September 1 - Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman, political figure and People's Commissar of Finances
September 3 - Gustav Adolf Closs, German illustrator, painter
September 5 - Gheorghe Mărdărescu, Romanian general and politician
September 6 - Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg, Prince of Asturias, former heir apparent to the throne of Spain
September 8 - Cecilio Apostol, Filipino poet, laurate
September 12 - Prince Arthur of Connaught
September 15
* Yannoulis Chalepas, Greek sculptor
* Thomas Wolfe, American author
September 16
* Herman Baltia, Belgian general
* Valerie Bergere, French-born American actress
September 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet
September 19 - Pauline Frederick, American actress
September 20 - Maria Teresa of St. Joseph, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed
September 21 - Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Yugoslav writer
September 23
* Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne, French engineer, mathematician
* Aurelio Giorni, Italian composer, pianist
September 24 - Silouan the Athonite, Soviet Orthodox priest and saint
September 25 - Paul Olaf Bodding, Norwegian missionary to India, creator of the Santali Latin alphabet
September 30 - Tang Shaoyi, First Premier of the Republic of China

October

Image:ErnstBarlachYoung.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Ernst Barlach

October 2 - Alexandru Averescu, Romanian general, politician, and 24th Prime Minister of Romania
October 4 - José Luis Tejada Sorzano, Bolivian lawyer, politician and 34th President of Bolivia
October 5
* Faustina Kowalska, Polish nun and saint, the Secretary of Divine Mercy
* Albert Ranft, Swedish theatre director, actor
October 12 - Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia
October 13 - E. C. Segar, American comics artist
October 14 - Charles Dalmas, French architect
October 17
* Eshref Frasheri, Albanian politician
* Karl Kautsky, Austrian Marxist theoretician
October 19
* Niño Fidencio, Mexican Roman Catholic priest and saint
* Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi of Japan
October 22
* Chrysostomos I of Athens, Greek priest, metropolitan
* May Irwin, Canadian actress, singer
October 24 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet
October 25
* Raoul Bensaude, French physician
* Alfonsina Storni, Argentine poet
October 27
* Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic
* Alma Gluck, American soprano
October 28 - Ramón Franco, Spanish aviation pioneer
October 31
* Sakari Ainali, Finnish farmer, businessman and politician
* Jean Degoutte, French general, leader of World War I

November

November 4 - Jiang Baili, Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army
November 7 - Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia
November 9
* Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union
* Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat
November 10 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st President of Turkey
November 11 - Mary Mallon, first known asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever
November 14 - William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp, British politician and colonial governor
November 19 - Kaarlo Castren, Finnish politician, 4th Prime Minister of Finland
November 20
* Arthur Elliott, South African photographer
* Maud of Wales, Queen of Haakon VII of Norway
November 22 - Sahachiro Hata, Japanese bacteriologist
November 25 - Otto von Lossow, Bavarian, German general
November 30 - Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist politician, leader of the Iron Guard

December

December 3 - Juho Vennola, 5th Prime Minister of Finland
December 11 - Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, Nobel Peace Prize recipient
December 14 - Maurice Emmanuel, French composer
December 15
* Antonio Rafael Barcelo, Puerto Rican lawyer, businessman and politician
* Valery Chkalov, Soviet test pilot
December 24 - Bruno Taut, German architect, urban planner
December 25
* Karel Čapek, Czech author
* Theodor Fischer, German architect
December 27
* Calvin Bridges, American scientist
* Osip Mandelstam, Soviet poet
* Emile Vandervelde, Belgian Socialist politician
December 28 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress

1938

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January–February

March–April

May–June

July–August

September–October

November–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Nobel Prizes