November 30
Events
Pre-1600
- 883 - Abu al Abbas celebrates a victory parade in Bagdhad following the surpression of the Zanj Rebellion, the largest slave revolt in the Arab world.
- 978 - Franco-German war of 978–980: Holy Roman Emperor Otto II lifts the siege of Paris and withdraws.
1601–1900
- 1707 - Queen Anne's War: The second Siege of Pensacola comes to end with the failure of the British Empire and their Creek allies to capture Pensacola, Spanish Florida.
- 1718 - Great Northern War: King Charles XII of Sweden dies during a siege of the fortress of Fredriksten in Norway.
- 1782 - American Revolutionary War: Treaty of Paris: In Paris, representatives from the United States and Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles.
- 1786 - The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under Pietro Leopoldo I, becomes the first modern state to abolish the death penalty.
- 1803 - The Balmis Expedition starts in Spain with the aim of vaccinating millions against smallpox in Spanish America and Philippines.
- 1803 - In New Orleans, Spanish representatives officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to the French First Republic.
- 1853 - Crimean War: Battle of Sinop: The Imperial Russian Navy under Pavel Nakhimov destroys the Ottoman fleet under Osman Pasha at Sinop, a sea port in northern Turkey.
- 1864 - American Civil War: The Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General John Bell Hood suffers heavy losses in an attack on the Union Army of the Ohio under General John Schofield in the Battle of Franklin.
- 1872 - The first-ever international football match takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, between Scotland and England.
1901–present
- 1916 - Costa Rica signs the Buenos Aires Convention, a copyright treaty.
- 1936 - In London, the Crystal Palace is destroyed by fire.
- 1939 - World War II: The Soviet Red Army crosses the Finnish border in several places, bombing Helsinki and several other Finnish cities, starting the Winter War.
- 1940 - World War II: Signing of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1940 between the Empire of Japan and the newly formed Wang Jingwei-led Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. This treaty was considered so unfair to China that it was compared to the Twenty-One Demands.
- 1941 - The Holocaust: The SS-Einsatzgruppen round up roughly 25,000 Jews from the Riga Ghetto and kill them in the Rumbula massacre.
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Tassafaronga; A smaller squadron of Imperial Japanese Navy destroyers led by Raizō Tanaka defeats a U.S. Navy cruiser force under Carleton H. Wright.
- 1947 - Civil War in Mandatory Palestine begins, leading up to the creation of the State of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
- 1953 - Edward Mutesa II, the kabaka of Buganda is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Cohen, Governor of Uganda.
- 1954 - In Sylacauga, Alabama, United States, the Hodges meteorite crashes through a roof and hits a woman taking an afternoon nap; this is the only documented case in the Western Hemisphere of a human being hit by a rock from space.
- 1962 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 512 crashes at Idlewild Airport, killing 25 people.
- 1966 - Decolonization: Barbados becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1967 - The People's Republic of Southern Yemen gains its independence from the United Kingdom
- 1967 - The Pakistan Peoples Party is founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who becomes its first chairman.
- 1967 - Pro-Soviet communists in the Philippines establish Malayang Pagkakaisa ng Kabataan Pilipino as its new youth wing.
- 1971 - Iran seizes the Greater and Lesser Tunbs from the Emirates of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning American troop withdrawals from Vietnam because troop levels are now down to 27,000.
- 1981 - Cold War: In Geneva, representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union begin to negotiate intermediate-range nuclear weapon reductions in Europe.
- 1995 - Official end of Operation Desert Storm.
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton visits Northern Ireland and speaks in favor of the "Northern Ireland peace process" to a huge rally at Belfast City Hall; he calls IRA fighters "yesterday's men".
- 1999 - Exxon and Mobil sign a US$73.7 billion agreement to merge, thus creating ExxonMobil, the world's largest company.
- 1999 - In Seattle, United States, demonstrations against a World Trade Organization meeting by anti-globalization protesters catch police unprepared and force the cancellation of opening ceremonies.
- 1999 - British Aerospace and Marconi Electronic Systems merge to form BAE Systems, Europe's largest defense contractor and the fourth largest aerospace firm in the world.
- 2000 - NASA launches STS-97, the 101st Space Shuttle mission.
- 2004 - A McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Lion Air Flight 538, overran the runway at Adisoemarmo Airport and crashed, killing 25 people.
- 2005 - John Sentamu becomes the first black archbishop in the Church of England with his enthronement as the 97th Archbishop of York.
- 2007 - Atlasjet Flight 4203 crashes in Keçiborlu while on approach to Isparta Süleyman Demirel Airport, killing 57.
- 2018 - A magnitude 7.1 earthquake with its epicenter only from Anchorage, Alaska causes significant property damage but no deaths.
- 2021 - Barbados becomes a republic.
- 2021 - A 15-year-old gunman murders four students and injures seven people, including a teacher, in a mass shooting at Oxford High School in Oxford Township, Michigan.
- 2022 - The AI chatbot ChatGPT is launched by OpenAI.
Births
Pre-1600
- 539 - Gregory of Tours, French bishop and saint
- 1310 - Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen
- 1340 - John, Duke of Berry
- 1364 - John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, Scottish soldier
- 1426 - Johann IV Roth, Roman Catholic bishop
- 1427 - Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland
- 1459 - Mingyi Nyo, founder of Toungoo dynasty of Burma
- 1466 - Andrea Doria, Italian admiral
- 1485 - Veronica Gambara, Italian poet and stateswoman
- 1508 - Andrea Palladio, Italian architect and theoretician, designed the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore and Teatro Olimpico
- 1549 - Sir Henry Savile, English scholar and mathematician
- 1554 - Philip Sidney, English soldier, courtier, and poet
- 1573 - Aubert Miraeus, Belgian historian
- 1594 - John Cosin, English bishop and academic
- 1599 - Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter
1601–1900
- 1614 - William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford
- 1625 - Jean Domat, French scholar and jurist
- 1637 - Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, French historian and author
- 1642 - Andrea Pozzo, Jesuit Brother, architect and painter
- 1645 - Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, composer, and theorist
- 1667 - Jonathan Swift, Irish satirist and essayist
- 1670 - John Toland, Irish philosopher and author
- 1683 - Ludwig Andreas von Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal
- 1699 - King Christian VI of Denmark
- 1719 - Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
- 1723 - William Livingston, American lawyer and politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey
- 1748 - Joachim Albertini, Italian-Polish composer
- 1756 - Ernst Chladni, German physicist and author
- 1764 - Franz Xaver Gerl, Austrian singer and composer
- 1768 - Jędrzej Śniadecki, Polish physician, chemist, and biologist
- 1781 - Alexander Berry, Scottish surgeon, merchant, and explorer
- 1791 - Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg, Austrian field marshal and politician
- 1796 - Carl Loewe, German singer, composer, and conductor
- 1810 - Oliver Winchester, American businessman and politician, founded the Winchester Repeating Arms Company
- 1813 - Louise-Victorine Ackermann, French poet and author
- 1813 - Charles-Valentin Alkan, French pianist and composer
- 1817 - Theodor Mommsen, German jurist, historian, and scholar, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1821 - Frederick Temple, English archbishop and academic
- 1825 - William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter and educator
- 1832 - James Dickson, English-Australian politician, 13th Premier of Queensland
- 1835 - Mark Twain, American novelist, humorist, and critic
- 1836 - Lord Frederick Cavendish, Anglo-Irish soldier and politician, Chief Secretary for Ireland
- 1840 - Henry Birks, Canadian businessman, founded Birks & Mayors
- 1843 - Martha Ripley, American physician
- 1847 - Afonso Pena, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 6th President of Brazil
- 1857 - Bobby Abel, English cricketer
- 1858 - Jagadish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist, biologist, botanist, and archaeologist
- 1863 - Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino activist and politician, co-founded Katipunan
- 1866 - Andrey Lyapchev, Bulgarian politician, Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- 1869 - Gustaf Dalén, Swedish physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1869 - James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, English lawyer and politician, Governor of Northern Ireland
- 1872 - John McCrae, Canadian physician, soldier, and poet
- 1873 - Božena Benešová, Czech author and poet
- 1874 - Winston Churchill, English colonel, journalist, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1874 - Lucy Maud Montgomery, English-Canadian author and poet
- 1875 - Myron Grimshaw, American baseball player
- 1875 - Otto Strandman, Estonian lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia
- 1883 - Gustav Suits, Estonian-Swedish poet and politician
- 1887 - Andrej Gosar, Slovenian economist, lawyer, and politician
- 1887 - Beatrice Kerr, Australian swimmer and diver
- 1888 - Harry Altham, English cricketer and coach
- 1889 - Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, English physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1889 - Reuvein Margolies, Ukrainian-Israeli author and scholar
- 1898 - Firpo Marberry, American baseball player and manager