| Ethnicity | Language | Primary homeland | Subgroups, tribes & castes | Religion |
| Abazins | Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Afro-Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish | Turkey | | Islam |
| Aghuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Akhvakhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh | Russia | | Islam |
| Albanians | Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian Albanian Sign Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Southeastern Europe | Ghegs, Tosks, Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Eastern Thrace, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece, Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia | Islam → Sunnism, Sufism → Bektashism; Christianity |
| Alsatians | Indo-European → Germanic → Alsatian | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Andis | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi | Russia | | Islam |
| Angevins | Indo-European → Romance → Angevin | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Anglo-Irish | Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign | Ireland | | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism |
| Aragonese | Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Spanish | Spain | Oscenses, Zaragozans, Turolenses | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Archis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Armenians | Indo-European → Armenian Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Armenian Sign Historically Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak | Ukraine, Russia | Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, [Armenians in the Czech language|Czech Republic|Czech Republic], Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Armenian Apostolic Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism Christianity → Eastern Protestantism → Armenian Evangelicalism |
| Aromanians | Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian | Southeastern Europe | Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians | Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian | Southeastern Europe | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Asturians | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Castrapo | Spain | Eonavians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Avars | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Azerbaijanis | Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign | Russia | Dagestani Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Russia | Islam → Shi'ism |
| Bagvalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Balkars | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay–Balkar → Balkar | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Bashkirs | Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir | Russia | Northeastern, Northwestern, Southeastern, Southwestern | Islam → Sunnism |
| Basques | Aquitanian → Basque | Basque Country | Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Belarusians | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian | Belarus, Lithuania, Polesia, Russia, and neighboring regions | Significant populations in Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Belarusian Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Belarusian Greek Catholicism |
| Berrichons | Indo-European → Romance → Berrichon Francosign → French Sign | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bezhta | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Bosniaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Bosnian Sign | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak, and neighboring regions | Significant populations in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo, Slovenia, North Macedonia, East Thrace, Sweden, Austria, Germany | Islam → Sunnism |
| Botlikhs | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Bretons | Indo-European → Celtic → Breton Indo-European → Romance → Gallo Francosign → French Sign | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Bulgarians | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Torlakian Francosign → Bulgarian Sign | Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, and neighboring regions | Pomaks, Shopi, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Crimean Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in East Thrace, Croatia, Germany, Spain, Romania, North Macedonia, Hungary, Serbia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Kazakhstan, Ukraine | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Camminanti | Indo-European → Romance → Baccagghiu | Italy | | Christianity |
| Catalans | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan LSCic → Catalan Sign | Catalan Countries | Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chamalals | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal | Russia | | Islam → Sunnism; Animism |
| Champenois | Indo-European → Romance → Champenois Francosign → French Sign | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Channel Islanders | Indo-European → Romance → Norman → Anglo-Norman Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English BANZSL → British Sign | British Crown Dependencies | Jèrriais, Guernésiais, Auregnais | Christianity |
| Chechens | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen | Russia | Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs, Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France | Islam → Sunnism Historically Vainakh religion |
| Chuvash | Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash | Russia | Virjal, Anatri | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly |
| Circassians | Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Historically Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh, Chakobsa | Russia | Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemguys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqays, with significant populations in East Thrace, Germany, Bulgaria | Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism |
| Cornish | Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom | | Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism |
| Corsicans | Indo-European → Romance → Corsican | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Cossacks | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian, Balachka | Russia, Ukraine, and neighboring regions | Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Crimean Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → [Crimean Tatar language|Tatar dialects|Middle Crimean Tatar], Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani | Ukraine | Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma, along with Significant populations in Romania | Islam → Sunnism |
| Croats | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Austria, and neighboring regions Italy | Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy, the Czech Republic, Germany | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Czechs | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign | Czech Republic and neighboring regions | Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, along with significant populations in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Poland, Serbia | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Danes | Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish Francosign? → DTSic → Danish Sign | Danish Realm, Germany | Southern Schleswig Danes | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Dargins | Northeast Caucasian → Dargin | Russia | Kaitags, Southern Dargins, Chirags, Mehwebs, Tsudaqars, Northern Dargins | Islam → Sunnism |
| Dobrujan Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar Indo-European → Romance → Romanian | Romania | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Dauphinois | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Dauphinois Indo-European → Romance → Occitan → Dauphinois-Alpine Francosign → French Sign | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Dutch | Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian, Dutch Low Saxon Francosign → Dutch Sign | Netherlands | Northern Dutch, Southern Dutch | Christianity |
| English | Indo-European → Germanic → English → England English | United Kingdom | New Forest commoners, Vectensians, Berwickers, Northern English, Moonrakers, Yorkshiremen | Christianity |
| Erzyas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya | Russia | Shokshas | Christianity → Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism → Lutheranism Erzyan native religion |
| Estonians | Uralic → Finnic → Northern Estonian, Southern Estonian, Eastern Estonian, Northeastern coastal Estonian Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign | Estonia, Setomaa, Latvia | Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Mulgis, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, Tartu Estonians, Yestonians, with significant populations in Finland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Faroe Islanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Danish → Gøtudanskt | Danish Realm | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Finns | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish SSLic → FSLic | Fennoscandia | Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Peräpohjalaiset, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Flemings | Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch → Flemish Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign | Belgium, France, Netherlands | Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Foreziens | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Forezien Francosign → French Sign | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Francs-Comtois | Indo-European → Romance → Frainc-Comtou | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| French | Indo-European → Romance → Oïl Francosign → French Sign | France | Parisians | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Frisians | Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian, Friso-Saxon, Dutch → West Frisian Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and West Lauwers Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch | Frisia | West Frisians, East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism |
| Friulians | Indo-European → Romance → Friulian | Italy | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gagauz | Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz | Moldova, Ukraine | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Gajal | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Bulgaria, Turkey | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Galicians | Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo | Spain | Couto Mixtans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Georgians | Kartvelian languages | Poland, Russia, Ukraine | Adjarians, Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians. | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy |
| Germans | Indo-European → Germanic → High German, Low German, Limburgish DGSic → German Sign | Central and Eastern Europe | Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volga Germans, Transylvania Saxons, Carpathian Germans, Bavarians, Palatines, Gottscheers, Silesian Germans, Swabians, Danube Swabians, Sudeten Germans, Baltic Germans, Liège Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Olomouc Germans, Bukovina Germans, Halcnovians, German-speaking Swiss, Austrians | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gorals | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish → Gorolski Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian → Cieszyn Silesian | Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia | Żywiec Gorals, Silesian Gorals | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Gorani | Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani | Gora | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Greeks | Indo-European → Hellenic Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign | Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Ukraine, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russia, and neighboring regions | Asia Minor Greeks, Greek Muslims, Sarakatsani, Souliotes, Azov Greeks, Italiots, Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Phanariots, Caucasus Greeks, Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, and sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks, along with significant populations in Albania, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Malta | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries |
| Hinukh | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Hungarians | Uralic → Hungarian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign Historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic | Hungary, Romania, and neighboring regions | Palóc, Matyó, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany | Christianity → Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism |
| Hunzibs | Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Icelanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic Francosign → DTSic → Icelandic Sign | Iceland | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism, Asartu |
| Ingushes | Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy | Russia | Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars | Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i Historically Vainakh religion |
| Irish | Indo-European → Celtic → Irish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola and Fingallian | Ireland | Irish Catholics, Forth and Bargy people, significant populations in United Kingdom, Mainland Europe | Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism |
| Irish Travellers | Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta; Francosign → Irish Sign | Ireland | Significant populations in the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Istro-Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian | Croatia | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Italians | Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian, Gallo-Italic Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign Historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian | Italy, Switzerland, France, San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Greece | Lombards, Lombards of Sicily, Lombards of Basilicata, Emilians, Tuscans, Romagnols, Venetians, Piedmontese, Central Italians, Southern Italians, Extreme Southern Italians Molise Croats, Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Swiss Italians, Ligurians, with significant populations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Crimea, Belgium, Sweden, Gibraltar | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Izhorians | Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian | Russia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kalmyks | Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat | Russia | Dörbet Kalmyks, Torgut Kalmyks, Khoshut Kalmyks, Baatud Kalmyks, Khoid Kalmyks, | Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism |
| Karachays | Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Karatas | Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Karelians | Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian | Karelia | Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kashubians | Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian Historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian | Poland | Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with the Kashubian diaspora | - |
| Kazakhs | Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign | Kazakhstan | Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz, along with significant populations in Russia | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Komi | Uralic → Permic → Komi | Russia | Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Yazva, Izhma Komi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Kumyks | Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Kvens | Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven | Norway | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism → Laestadianism |
| Ladins | Indo-European → Romance → Ladin | Italy | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Laks | Northeast Caucasian → Lak | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Latvians | Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign | Latvia, Russia, Lithuania, and neighboring regions | Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Lezgins | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian | Lezgistan | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Liechtensteiners | Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign | Liechtenstein | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Lipka Tatars | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian | Belarus, Poland, Lithuania | | Islam → Sunnism |
| Lithuanians | Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian, Lithuanian Sign | Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and neighboring regions | Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in Poland and the United Kingdom | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Livonians | Uralic → Finnic → Livonian | Latvia, Estonia | | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Lorrains | Indo-European → Romance → Lorrain | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Luxembourgers | Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish | Luxembourg, Belgium, and neighboring regions | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Macedonians | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Macedonian Sign | North Macedonia and neighboring regions | Torbeši, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Sweden, Croatia, Austria, France, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Montenegro, Poland, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Mainiots | Indo-European → Romance → Mayennais | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Maltese | Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese | Malta | Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Manx | Indo-European → Celtic → Manx, Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English | Crown Dependencies | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Maris | Uralic → Mari | Russia | [Meadow Mari language|Mari language|Meadow Mari], Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion |
| Mennonites | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Indo-European → Germanic → German, Dutch, English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish | Europe | Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites | Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism |
| Mokshas | Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha | Russia | | Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism Mokshas native religion |
| Moldovans | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign | Moldova | Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy |
| Montenegrins | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Montenegro and neighboring regions | Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Moravians | Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian | Czech Republic | Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Muslimani | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian | Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and neighboring regions | | Islam |
| Nenets | Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets | Russia | Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets | Shamanism, Animism |
| Nogais | Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai | Russia | Ak Nogai, Karagash | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Normans | Indo-European → Romance → Norman | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Norwegians | Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign | Norway | Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in Finland, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Occitans | Indo-European → Romance → Occitan, Gardiol | Occitania | Aranese, Auvergnats, Provençaux, Languedociens, Limousins, Gascons, Périgourdins, Dauphinois, Camarguais, Nicois, Guardiota, Monégasque Occitans | Christianity |
| Orcadians | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn | United Kingdom | | Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism |
| Ossetians | Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian | Ossetia | Iron, Digor | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Podlashuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian | Poland | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism |
| Picards | Indo-European → Romance → Picard | France | Artésiens | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poitevins | Indo-European → Romance → Poitevin-Saintogeais → Poitevin | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poles | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech Polish Sign | Poland, Czech Republic, Kresy, and neighboring regions | Masovians, Greater Polish, Lesser Polish, Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles, Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians,, and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in Germany, Iceland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Poleshuks | Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian | Polesia | | Christianity |
| Pomaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece | | Islam |
| Portuguese | Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Barranquenho | Portugal | Alentejans, Algarveans, Azoreans, Barranquenhos, Beiroes, Madeirans, Mindericos, Minhotos, Olivenzans, Ribatejanos, Transmontanos | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Qaratays | Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray | Russia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism |
| Reisende | Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian | Norway | | Christianity |
| Resians | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian | Italy | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Roma | Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani, Para-Romani Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash | Europe, Turkey, North Caucasus | Kalderash, Iberian Cales, Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal, Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti, Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma, Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma, Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Romanlar, Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom | Christianity, Islam |
| Romands | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French Francosign → Swiss-French Sign | Switzerland | | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Romanians | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Romanian Sign | Romania, Moldova | Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians, Moldavians, Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Romansh | Indo-European → Romance → Romansh | Switzerland | | Christianity |
| Russians | Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Francosign → Russian Sign | Russia, Ukraine, and neighboring regions | Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks, Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers, Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Molokans, Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine | Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity |
| Rusyns | Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn | Transcarpathia, Pannonian Plain, Romania, Lemkovyna | Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos,,, with significant populations in Romania | Christianity → Eastern Catholicism |
| Rutuls | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Rutul | Russia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Sámi | Uralic → Sámi Historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi | Sápmi | Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Sardinians | Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian, Sassarese, Gallurese, Castellanese | Italy | Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Savoyards | Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Savoyard | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Scots | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom | Ulster Scots, Highlanders, Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in Russia | Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism |
| Scottish Highland Travellers | Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic → Beurla Reagaird | United Kingdom | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Serbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Serbian Sign | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia | Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Shetlanders | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Shetlandic Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn | United Kingdom | | Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism |
| Shopi | Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian | Shopluk | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Silesians | Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian Indo-European → Germanic → Silesian German | Silesia | Cieszyn Vlachs, | Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Slovaks | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign | Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions | Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Slovenes | Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Slovenian Sign | Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Croatia, and surrounding regions | Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the Croatia, and Italy | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Sorbs | Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian | Lusatia | Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Spaniards | Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese, Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon Spanish Sign Historically Indo-European → Romance → Andalusi Romance, Old Riojan, Navarrese Romance | Spain, Portugal | Andalusians, Barranquenhos, Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Swabians | Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Swabian German | Germany | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Swedes | Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, Norrlandic, Jamtska, East Danish → Scanian SSLic → Swedish Sign | Sweden, Estonia, Ukraine | Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Ukraine | Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Timok Vlachs | Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian | Serbia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Torangeux | Indo-European → Romance → Tourangeau | France | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Torbeši | Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian | North Macedonia | | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Turks | Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani Turkish Sign | North Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe | Rumelian Turks, Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden | Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism |
| Tutejszy | Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, East Slavic, Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic | Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia | | Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Udis | Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi | Russia, Ukraine | | Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy |
| Udmurts | Uralic → Permic → Udmurt | Russia | Besermyan | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy |
| Ukrainians | Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign | Ukraine, Transcarpathia, Belarus | Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in France, Portugal, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism |
| Ulster Protestants | Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English BANZSL → British Sign | Ulster | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Valencians | Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian LSCic → Valencian Sign | Spain | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Vaqueiros de alzada | Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese | Spain | | Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion |
| Vepsians | Uralic → Finnic → Veps | Russia | | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Vilamovians | Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys | Poland | | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Volga Tatars | Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar | Russia, Finland | Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars, Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, | Islam → Sunni Islam |
| Votians | Uralic → Finnic → Votic | Russia, Estonia, Latvia | Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism |
| Walloons | Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard, French → Belgian French Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign | Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg | Significant populations in the Netherlands | Christianity → Catholicism |
| Welsh | Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English BANZSL → British Sign | United Kingdom | | Christianity → Protestantism |
| Woonwagenbewonder | Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Bargoens | Netherlands | | Christianity |
| Yenish | Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish | Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France | | Christianity, Judaism |
| Yugoslavs | Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign | Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia | Significant populations in Serbia | Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism Islam → Sunni Islam |