Hunzib language

Hunzib is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Hunzib people in the Tsunta and Kizilyurt districts of Dagestan and in two villages across the Russian border in Georgia. Hunzib is not an official language, and it is rarely written.

Classification

Hunzib belongs to the Tsezic group of the Northeast Caucasian languages. It is most closely related to Bezhta and Khwarshi, according to the latest research. Other Tsezic languages include Tsez and Hinukh. Khwarshi was previously grouped together with Tsez and Hinukh instead of with Hunzib.

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels in Hunzib may be short, long, or nasalized.

	Front	Central	Back
Close
Mid
Open

Consonants

Hunzib has 35 consonants. Three consonants,,, and, are only found in loanwords.

Grammar

Gender

Like a number of other Northeast Caucasian languages, Hunzib has a grammatical gender system with five classes. The first classes, I and II mark male and female rationals, respectively, while the remaining classes mark non-humans. Gender marking is covert on nouns, but appears in agreement on verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbial constructions.

Class	Sg.	Pl.
I	∅-	b-¹
II	j-	b-¹
III	j-	r-¹
IV	b-¹	r-¹
V	r-¹	r-¹

When preceding a nasalized vowel, class markers b- and r- surface as m- and n- respectively.
Nouns

Nouns in Hunzib come in five noun classes: male, female, and three classes for inanimate objects. There are a number of cases in Hunzib, including the absolutive, ergative, genitive, instrumental. A number of other case-like markers indicate direction and include dative, adessive, superessive, contactive, comitative and allative declensions. The following are taken from Helma van den Berg's A Grammar of Hunzib.

Case

Hunzib has four basic grammatical cases, the absolutive, ergative, genitive, and instrumental. The absolutive case is formed from the base stem, and the other cases are formed from the oblique stem.

Case	Marker
Absolutive	-∅
Ergative	-l¹ / -lo², -y
Genitive	-s
Instrumental	-d¹ / -do²

After vowels
After consonants

Hunzib also has a series of local cases, where localizations are combined with directional suffixes. The dative and adessive cases have syntactic functions as well, but are morphologically local.

Localization	Marker	Elative	Translative
Dative	-V¹	-V¹-sə	-V¹-ƛʼ
Adessive	-g	-go-s	***
Superessive	-ƛʼ	-ƛo-s	-ƛʼo-ƛʼ
Subessive	-ƛ		***
Contacting	-λ	-λ-sə	-λ-ƛʼi
Comitative	-ǧur	-ǧur-sə	-ǧur-ƛʼi
Allative	-dər	-dər-sə	-dər-ƛʼi
Approximative	-do	-do-V	-

The vowel in these forms will be a duplicate of the vowel in the syllable to which it attaches.
Oblique stem

Cases other than the absolutive are formed by attaching the relevant case marker to an oblique stem, which is often the base stem plus some lexically determined extension.

Extension	Notes	Extension	Notes
-li	Productive; found more with nouns ending in a consonant	-ba	Rare
-a	Common; with nouns ending in a consonant or vowel	-y	Rare
-lo	Common; mostly with nouns ending in -i	-ɑ/e/o/u	Rare
-yo	Common; mostly with nouns ending in -i	-la	Rare
-i	Common; mostly with nouns ending in a vowel	-mo	Rare
-bo	Common; with nouns ending in a consonant or vowel	-di/u/o	Rare
-ra/o/u	Rare
-tʼu	Rare

Some nouns do not use any extension and the oblique and base stems are identical. These words generally end in a vowel, like "father" ABS , GEN . A small number of Hunzib nouns exhibit stem alternation, like "moon" ABS , GEN .

Verbs

Most verbs agree in class and number with the noun in the phrase that is in the absolutive case. As Hunzib has ergative alignment, that equals the subject of intransitive sentences and the direct object of transitive sentences.

Word order

Hunzib usually follows a subject–object–verb word order.