List of Latin-script digraphs
This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. is alphabetised with, not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as and , are placed at the end.
Capitalisation only involves the first letter unless otherwise stated. For instance, becomes, but becomes in Dutch, and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. becomes.
Apostrophe
Source:is used in Bari for.
is used in Bari for.
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or yin tone. It is also often written as.
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark.
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark.
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark.
is used in Bari and Hausa for, but in Niger, Hausa is replaced with.
A
is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel.is used in Dutch, Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for. It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian for or , until it was replaced with. There is a ligature. In Cantonese romanisations such as Jyutping or Yale, it is used for, contrasting with .
is used in Irish for between two "broad" consonants, e.g. Gael "a Gael".
is used in Portuguese for stressed when in the final syllable, e.g. mãe and capitães.
is used in Taa for breathy or murmured. In German and English it typically represents a long vowel.
is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong. In English, due to the Great Vowel Shift, it represents as in pain and rain, while in unstressed syllables it may represent, e.g. bargain and certain. In French, it represents. In Irish, it represents between a broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents or between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant . In Breton it represents.
is used in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī for.
is used in Portuguese for a stressed before a consonant.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for. It is alternately written.
is used in Walloon, for the nasal vowel.
is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel
is used in many languages, such as Piedmontese and Mandarin Pinyin, to represent. In Irish, it represents between broad consonants. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents between broad consonants. In French, it is found in a few words such as paon representing and as paonne representing. In Malagasy, it represents. In Wymysorys, it represents.
is used in Portuguese for, but only when it appears stressed, since unstressed is spelt word finally, this distinction usually happens in verb conjugations. E.g. eles fizeram "they made", and eles farão "they will make".
is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel.
is used in English for. It occasionally represents, as in flautist. Other pronunciations are or in aunt and laugh, in gauge, in gauche and chauffeur, and as in meerschaum and restaurant.
is used in German for the diphthong in declension of native words with ; elsewhere, is written as. In words, mostly of Latin origin, where and are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents, e.g. Matthäus .
is used in English in ways that parallel English, though it appears more often at the end of a word.
In Cornish, it represents or. In Welsh, it represents.
is used in English in ways that parallel, though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents before a vowel and before a consonant. In Cornish, it represents,,, or.
is used in English for.
B
is used in Pinyin for in languages such as Yi, where stands for. It was used in Portuguese until 1911 in European orthography and 1943 in Brazilian orthography. It had the same sound as. Was used only for etymological purposes. In Hungarian, it represents geminated. In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short. In ISO romanized Korean, it is used for the fortis sound, otherwise spelled ; e.g. hobbang. In Hadza it represents the ejective. In several African languages it is implosive. In Cypriot Arabic it is.is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy. When not initial, it represents, as in abdicate.
is used in Bavarian and several African languages for the.
is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive, and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive. It is used in Irish to represent and , word-initially it marks the lenition of, e.g. mo bhád "my boat", bheadh "would be". In Scottish Gaelic, it represents, or in a few contexts as between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in labhair. In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular for the voiced bilabial implosive, whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive. In some orthographies of Dan, is and is.
is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it represents either or ; ; or ; examples are mabm or hebma.
is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for. is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of, to represent and .
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate.
is used in Shona for a whistled sibilant cluster.
C
was formerly used in Spanish-based spelling systems for Quechua and Aymara for the sound, as in Ccozcco . In Italian, before a front vowel represents a geminated, as in lacci. In Piedmontese and Lombard, represents the sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click. In English crip slang, can sometimes replace the letters or at the ends of words, such as with thicc, protecc, succ and fucc.was used for or in Old English, where both are long consonants. It is used for the click in Naro, and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click.
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent,,, or. See article.
is used in Manx for, such as in the word çhengey, meaning speech, as a distinction from which is used for.
is used in the 1644 orthography for Mochica, representing an undetermined palatal sound, possibly something like or.
is used in Romani and the Chechen Latin alphabet for. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for.
is used in the Italian for before the non-front vowel letters. In English, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than. In Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant, and is considered a graphic variant of appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents. The digraph is found at the end of a word or before the letters a, o, or u ; the sound made by the letter c in front of the letters e or i becomes in front of the three aforementioned vowels, making the addition of the letter i necessary.
is used in Friulian for such as in words cjocolate. It's also used in local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin.
is used in many Germanic languages in lieu of or to indicate either a geminated, or a with a preceding short vowel. The latter is the case with English tack, deck, pick, lock, and buck. In German, indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the German spelling reform of 1996, it was replaced by for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the as a whole:
is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as cnidarian. When not initial, it represents, as in acne. It is used in Scottish Gaelic for, and nasalises the following vowel, as in cneap.
is used in Seri for a labialized velar plosive,. It is placed between and in alphabetical order.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for.
is used in the Hungarian for a voiceless postalveolar affricate,. It is considered a distinct letter, named csé, and is placed between and in alphabetical order. Examples of words with include csak, csésze, cső, csípős.
is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents, as in act. Is used in Portuguese for in some words, e.g. retrospecto but not in tacto.
is used in languages such as Nahuatl for. In Nahuatl, is used before a vowel, whereas is used after a vowel.
is used in modern scholarly editions of Old English for the sound, which was spelled, or in manuscripts. In Middle English these were all replaced by Latin.
is used in Esperanto as an unofficial surrogate of, which represents.
is used in Polish for as in . In Kashubian, represents. In French and Catalan, historical contracted to the ligature, which represents when followed by. In Hungarian, it was formerly used for the sound, which is now written. In English, is used to represent in the loanwords Czech, Czechia, and Czechoslovakia.
D
is used in Naro for the click, and in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective.is used in English to indicate a with a preceding short vowel. In Welsh, represents a voiced dental fricative. It is treated as a distinct letter, named èdd, and placed between and in alphabetical order. In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound, otherwise spelled ; examples are ddeokbokki and bindaeddeok. In Basque, it represents a voiced palatal plosive, as in onddo "mushroom". In several African languages it is implosive. Latin delta is represented by "dd" in Modern Welsh.
is used in English for in certain contexts, such as with judgement and hedge
is used in the Albanian, Swahili, and revived Cornish for the voiced dental fricative. The first examples of this digraph are from the Oaths of Strasbourg, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -t-.
In early traditional Cornish , and later, were used for this purpose. Edward Lhuyd is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his Archaeologia Britannica. In Irish it represents or ; at the beginning of a word it shows the lenition of, e.g. mo dhoras "my door". In Scottish Gaelic it represents or or .
is used in Faroese, Portuguese, French and many French-based orthographies for. In Jarai, it's used for. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written,,, or. It is also formerly used in Indonesian as.
is used in Hmong's Romanized Popular Alphabet for. In Navajo, it represents, and in Xhosa it represents. In Hadza it is ejective.
is used in Tlingit for .
is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and nasally released.
is used in Yélî Dnye for nasally released. In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or ; ; or ; examples are pedn or pednow.
is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated.
is used for the click in Naro.
is used in Malagasy for. See. It is used in Fijian for 'ndr' nasalized. In some Amerindian languages it represents as in Gwichʼin and sporadically everywhere as in Paiwan and Maba
is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced ejective.
is used in German, Swedish, and Sandawe orthography as well as the romanization of Thai for. is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of, to represent and .
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced dental affricate.
is used in some Zapotecan languages for a voiced postalveolar fricative. In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the prevoiced uvularized plosive.
is used in Xhosa for. In Shona, it represents. In Tagalog it is used for. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or. This sound is also written,,,, or.
is used in several languages, often to represent. See article.
is used in the Polish and Sorbian alphabets for, the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in dźwięk. is never written before a vowel.
is used in the Polish for a voiced retroflex affricate .
is used in Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, and Latvian to represent. See article.