Digital television transition


The digital television transition, also called the digital switchover, the analogue switch/sign-off, the digital migration, or the analogue shutdown, is the process in which older analogue television broadcasting technology is converted to and replaced by digital television. Conducted by individual nations on different schedules, this primarily involves the conversion of analogue terrestrial television broadcasting infrastructure to Digital terrestrial television, a major benefit being extra frequencies on the radio spectrum and lower broadcasting costs, as well as improved viewing qualities for consumers.
The transition may also involve analogue cable conversion to digital cable or Internet Protocol television, as well as analogue to digital satellite television. Transition of land based broadcasting had begun in some countries around 2000. By contrast, transition of satellite television systems was well underway or completed in many countries by this time. It is an involved process because the existing analogue television receivers owned by viewers cannot receive digital broadcasts; viewers must either purchase new digital TVs, or digital converter boxes which have a digital tuner and change the digital signal to an analogue signal or some other form of a digital signal which can be received on the older TV. Usually during a transition, a simulcast service is operated where a broadcast is made available to viewers in both analogue and digital at the same time. As digital becomes more popular, it is expected that the existing analogue services will be removed. In most places this has already happened, where a broadcaster has offered incentives to viewers to encourage them to switch to digital. Government intervention usually involves providing some funding for broadcasters and, in some cases, monetary relief to viewers, to enable a switchover to happen by a given deadline. In addition, governments can also have a say with the broadcasters as to what digital standard to adopt – either DVB-T2 or ATSC. Governments can also require all receiving equipment sold in a country to support the necessary digital 'tuner'.
Before digital television, PAL and NTSC were used for both video processing within TV stations and for broadcasting to viewers. Because of this, the switchover process may also include the adoption of digital equipment using serial digital interface on TV stations, replacing analogue PAL or NTSC component or composite video equipment. Digital broadcasting standards are only used to broadcast video to viewers; Digital TV stations usually use SDI irrespective of broadcast standard, although it might be possible for a station still using analogue equipment to convert its signal to digital before it is broadcast, or for a station to use digital equipment but convert the signal to analogue for broadcasting, or they may have a mix of both digital and analogue equipment. Digital TV signals require less transmission power to be broadcast and received satisfactorily.
The switchover process is being accomplished on different schedules in different countries; in some countries it is being implemented in stages as in Australia, Greece, India or Mexico, where each region has a separate date to switch off. In others, the whole country switches on one date, such as the Netherlands. On 3 August 2003, Berlin became the world's first city to switch off terrestrial analogue signals. Luxembourg was the first country to complete its terrestrial switchover, on 1 September 2006.

Background and timeline

Transition dates

Different standards have been developed for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television, comparable to the older analogue standards they replace: NTSC, PAL and SECAM. Broadcasters around the world choose and adopt one of these to be the format and technology behind the transmission. The standards are:
  • The European-made DVB-T2 is adopted by Panama, Colombia, most of Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania.
  • The American-made ATSC is adopted by most of North America and some of Asia and Oceania.

    2006 Geneva Agreement

The "RRC-06" agreement in Geneva was signed by delegates from many countries, including most of Europe, Africa and Asia. The agreement set 17 June 2015 as the date after which countries may use frequencies currently assigned for analogue television transmission for digital services, without being required to protect the analogue services of neighbouring countries against interference. This date was generally viewed as an internationally mandated analogue switch-off date, at least along national borders—except for those operating on the VHF band which would be allowed until 17 June 2020.
These deadlines set by the agreement have been difficult to reach in certain regions, like in Africa where most countries missed the 2015 deadline, as well as South East Asia. High upgrade costs are often a reason cited for the slow transition in those regions.
The European Commission, on a different note, had recommended on 28 October 2009 that digital switchover should be completed by 1 January 2012.

Digital-to-analogue converters

After the switch from analogue to digital broadcasts is complete, analogue-only TVs are incapable of receiving over-the-air broadcasts without the addition of a set-top converter box. Consequently, a digital converter box – an electronic device that connects to an analogue television – must be used to allow the television to receive digital broadcasts. In the United States, the government subsidized the purchase of such boxes for consumers via their coupon-eligible converter box program in 2009, funded by a small part of the billions of dollars brought in by a spectrum auction. The program was managed by the Department of Commerce through its National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
Televisions with integrated digital tuners have been available for a considerable time. This means that a set-top box is usually no longer necessary with a new TV set.

Satellite and Cable

Satellite broadcasting switched to digital much earlier than terrestrial broadcasting. The switchover process is much easier for satellite since only changes to the earth station equipment are needed on the transmission side and consumers are already used to having a set top box/decoder. In many places, the satellite switchover was complete before terrestrial switchover was even started. Cable on the other hand would switch off months, if not years after terrestrial would.
In countries where terrestrial is little used, the migration to digital satellite or cable is more realized.

Terrestrial Digital switchover at a glance

Transitions completed

ITU Region 1

Africa

  • : Digital broadcasting started in 2009, analogue signals were switched off first in Annaba Region and completed in November 2020.
  • : Started transitioning to digital in the early 2010s. The analogue switch off happened to complete at the end of 2019.
  • : The switchover is complete. Analogue switchoff started on 17 June 2015 and it was completed in 2016.
  • : All analogue signals were turned off on 17 June 2016.
  • : Analogue switch-off occurred in June 2015, switching to DVB-T.
  • : Launched its DTV service from the Centre Émetteur D'Abobo site in Abidjan on 8 February 2019. Côte d'Ivoire completed the migration to DTT in June 2020.
  • : After DTT launched in 2008, analogue switch off was supposed to take place in 2013, however media houses challenged the move in court and the switch off was since moved to 31 December 2014 for the metropolitan areas and their surroundings while in the rest of the country switched to DVB-T2 in March 2015.
  • : 7 multiplexes of DVB-T2 were available in Tripoli in 2012. Analogue television was turned off on 13 February 2020.
  • : The switchover is complete. Analogue shutdown was to happen in 2013, but this was changed to 2015, and it was changed up to March 2021.
  • : First digital broadcasts commenced 30 September 2005. Analogue shut off on 17 June 2014.
  • : DTT launched in March 2007. Analogue transmitters on UHF band were switched off on 17 June 2015. Analogue transmitters on VHF band were switched off on 17 June 2020.
  • : The first African country to go digital when it launched DTT in February 2005. Analogue signals were terminated on 13 September 2014.
  • : Shut off the last of its analogue signals in 31 July 2014. Switched to DVB-T, with plans to upgrade to DVB-T2 in the future.
  • : In 2018, they launched their DTT Service where both analogue and digital signals coexist, but after a period of instability on DTT, it became stabilized and ultimately been switched off in 2020.
  • : A number of multiplexes in DVB-T2 is broadcasting from Sudan TV since late 2015. A single analogue UHF channel remained till 13 February 2020.
  • : Shut off the last of its analogue signals in July 2014. Switched to DVB-T2
  • : Digital broadcasts began in 2010, using DVB-T, then since 2015, using DVB-T2. Analogue television was turned off on 28 December 2016.
  • : Shut off analogue signals in 2015.
  • : Analogue shut off on 31 December 2014. Switched to DVB-T2.