1814

Events

January

• January 1 - War of the Sixth Coalition - The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.
• January 3
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Cattaro: French garrison surrenders to the British after ten days of bombardment.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Metz: Allied armies lay siege to the French city and fortress of Metz.
• January 5 - Mexican War of Independence - Battle of Puruarán: Spanish Royalists defeat Mexican Rebels.
• January 11 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Hoogstraten: Prussian forces under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow defeat the French.
• January 14
• * Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Antwerp: Allied forces besiege French Antwerp.
• January 19 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Ragusa: Allied siege of French town begins.
• January 22, January 24 - War of 1812 - Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Red Sticks.
• January 24 - War of the Sixth Coalition - First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube: Two Austrian and Württemberger corps wage an inconclusive battle against the French Imperial Guard.
• January 27
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Ragusa: French garrison surrenders to the British and the Austrians.
• * War of 1812 - Battle of Calebee Creek: US forces under John Floyd defeat the Red Sticks in Alabama.
• January 29 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.
• January 31 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.

  February

• February - George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.
• February 1
• * Mount Mayon in the Philippines erupts for the second time; more than 1,200 people die and the Cagsawa Church is destroyed.
• * Lord Byron's semi-autobiographical tale in verse The Corsair is published by John Murray in London, and sells 10,000 copies on this day.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of La Rothière: Blücher's Allied army defeats the French under Napoleon.
• February 2 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Lesmont: French forces under Joseph Lagrange defeat the Allies.
• February 8 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of the Mincio River: French and Italian troops under Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais fight an Austrian army to a draw.
• February 10 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Champaubert: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a small Russian corps led by Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, opening the Six Days' Campaign.
• February 11
• * Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Montmirail: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken and Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg in the Six Days' Campaign.
• February 12
• * A fire destroys the Custom House in the City of London.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Château-Thierry : A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg and Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken in the Six Days' Campaign.
• * Venezuelan War of Independence - Battle of La Victoria : Republicans defeat Spanish Royalists.
• February 14 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Vauchamps: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, the last major action of the Six Days' Campaign.
• February 15 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Garris: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean Isidore Harispe.
• February 17 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Mormant: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a Russian division.
• February 18 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Montereau: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.
• February 21 - The Great Stock Exchange Fraud is exposed in London.
• February 27
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Bar-sur-Aube: An Allied army led by the Prince of Schwarzenberg is victorious against the French under Jacques MacDonald.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Orthez: An Allied army led by the Duke of Wellington is victorious against the French under Jean-de-Dieu Soult.
• February 28 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Gué-à-Tresmes: Two French corps led by Auguste Marmont and Édouard Mortier defeat Prusso-Russian forces.

  March

• March 1 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Saint-Julien: Austrian Army of the South defeats the French Army of the Rhône.
• March 3
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Laubressel: Schwarzenberg defeats the French under MacDonald.
• * Chilean War of Independence - First Battle of Talca: Royalists defeat Chilean rebels.
• March 4 - War of 1812 - Battle of Longwoods: American raiding party defeats British regulars and militia and Indian fighters.
• March 5 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Berry-au-Bac: French cavalrymen led by Napoleon defeat Cossacks under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode.
• March 7 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Craonne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against combined Prussian and Russian forces under von Blücher and Vorontsov, but with French losses exceeding their opponents.
• March 8 - War of the Sixth Coalition: A night attack by the British under Sir Thomas Graham on the French fortress of Bergen op Zoom ends in failure.
• March 9
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Treaty of Chaumont signed by four Allied powers, deepening their alliance against France.
• * American naval schooner USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from participating in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom in the Caribbean.
• March 10 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Laon: von Blücher defeats Napoleon.
• March 10-15 - Argentine War of Independence - Battle of Martín García: The United Provinces of South America defeat the Spanish royalists.
• March 11 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Mâcon: Austrian Army of the South defeats the French Army of the Rhône.
• March 12 - Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême enters Bordeaux.
• March 13 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Reims: Napoleon defeats a combined Russo-Prussian corps.
• March 19 - Chilean War of Independence - Battle of El Quilo: Chilean rebels defeat Spanish royalists.
• March 20
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Limonest: Austrian and Hessian forces defeat the French Army of the Rhône.
• * Chilean War of Independence - Battle of Membrillar: Chilean rebels defeat Spanish royalists.
• March 21 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube: Allied army defeats Napoleon.
• March 25
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Fère-Champenoise: Allied army led by Schwarzenberg defeats the French under Marmont and Mortier.
• * De Nederlandsche Bank is established.
• March 26 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Saint-Dizier: Napoleon defeats the Russians under Ferdinand von Wintzingerode.
• March 26-27 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Jobourg: British squadron defeats and captures two French frigates.
• March 27 - War of 1812 - Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.
• March 28 - War of 1812 - Battle of Valparaíso: Two British Royal Navy ships easily defeat and capture USS Essex and a sister ship off the coast of Chile.
• March 29 - Chilean War of Independence - First Battle of Cancha Rayada: Spanish royalists defeat Chilean rebels.
• March 30
• * War of the Sixth Coalition: The Battle of Paris begins.
• * War of 1812 - Battle of Lacolle Mills: British garrison defeats American attack.
• March 31
• * War of the Sixth Coalition: Coalition troops occupy Paris.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Battle of Courtrai: French forces defeat Saxons and Prussians.

  April–June

• April 6 - Napoleonic Wars - Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII is invited to occupy the restored French throne.
• April 10
• * Napoleonic Wars - Battle of Toulouse: The Duke of Wellington is victorious.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Metz is lifted by the Allies.
• April 11 - Napoleonic Wars - Treaty of Fontainebleau: The War of the Sixth Coalition ends, and Napoleon is forced to abdicate unconditionally as Emperor of the French.
• April 12
• * The Count of Artois arrives in Paris, acting as Lieutenant General of the realm before the arrival of his brother, Louis XVIII.
• * The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.
• April 14 - Napoleonic Wars - Battle of Bayonne: The Allies defeat a French sortie from Bayonne.
• April 18/19 - Genoa surrenders to the British Royal Navy.
• April 24 - Convention of Mantua: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy is returned to provisional Austrian rule.
• April 28
• * The Ligurian Republic is revived.
• * War of 1812 - Capture of HMS Epervier by the USS Peacock.
• May 2 - Napoleonic Wars - Declaration of Saint-Ouen: Louis XVIII declares his support for representative government while claiming unlimited monarchical sovereignty.
• May 3
• * The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII, returns to Paris.
• * Treaty of Lircay signed between Royalists and Patriots during the Chilean War of Independence.
• May 4
• * Ferdinand VII abolishes the Spanish Constitution of 1812, returning Spain to absolute monarchy.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Antwerp ends in a French capitulation.
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Mainz ends as the French leave the fortress.
• May 6 - War of 1812 - Battle of Fort Oswego: British forces attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.
• May 14-16 - War of 1812 - American Raid on Port Dover and destruction of property.
• May 16 - William Brown, Irish-born rebel leader and future Admiral of the Navy of Argentina, begins a blockade of Montevideo, the colonial capital of Rio de la Plata.
• May 17
• * The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway, by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.
• * The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands.
• * Argentine War of Independence - Battle of Buceo ends in the burning of five Spanish ships and capture of two.
• May 24 - Duke of Wellington arrives in Madrid from Paris in an attempt to avert civil war between supporters of Ferdinand VII and the opposition Liberals, including many troops who fought under him during the Peninsular War
• May 27 - War of the Sixth Coalition - Siege of Hamburg ends in a French capitulation.
• May 28
• * War of the Sixth Coalition - Barcelona is restored to Spanish Bourbon rule as the French garrison leaves the city.
• * Venezuelan War of Independence - Battle of Carabobo: Republican victory under Simón Bolívar over Spanish Royalists.
• May 29-30 - War of 1812 - Battle of Big Sandy Creek: US forces capture British marines and sailors.
• May 30 - Napoleonic Wars: The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day.
• June 4 - Charter of 1814: Louis XVIII of France issues the Charter of 1814, a written constitution that retains royal supremacy and will remain in force from 1814 to 1815 and again from 1815 to 1830.
• June 6 - Beginning of the Allied sovereigns' visit to England: Tsar Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia sail from Boulogne-Sur-Mer to Dover on board the Royal Navy ship HMS Impregnable as guests of George, Prince of Wales, the regent during the incapacity of King George III.
• June 12 - The poem "She Walks in Beauty" is written by Lord Byron.
• June 17 - In London, Alexander, Frederick William and George exchange their ratifications of the Peace Treaty ending the war with France.
• June 20 - Gaspar de Vigodet, Spain's last colonial administrator of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, surrenders the city of Montevideo to independence fighters, led by General Carlos María de Alvear.
• June 21 - The secret Eight Articles of London are signed between the Great Powers, uniting the Low Countries under William I of the Netherlands.
• June 28 - War of 1812 - Sinking of HMS Reindeer by USS Wasp.