1612
Events
January–March
- January 6 - Axel Oxenstierna becomes Lord High Chancellor of Sweden. He persuades the Riksdag of the Estates to grant the Swedish nobility the right and privilege to hold all higher offices of government.
- January 10 – Gustavus Adolphus replies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates of Novgorod, stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title of Tsar.
- January 20
- *Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies and several candidates vie to succeed him, with Archduke Matthias eventually being elected.
- *An uprising led by Dmitry Pozharsky begins in Moscow against occupying Polish troops.
- February 11 - Battle of Vittsjö: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and 3,000 of his troops are forced to retreat from Denmark. The 17-year old king almost drowns while attempting to ride his horse across a frozen lake, but is rescued by two other members of his cavalry. The horse is lost.
- March 2 - The False Dmitry III, one of three pretenders to the Russian throne who all claim to be sons of Ivan the Terrible, is recognized as Tsar of Russia by the Cossacks.
- March 12 - At Daulambapur, near Kamalganj in what is now the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh, a battle takes place between 4,500 troops led by General Islam Khan I of India's Mughal Empire, and 12,000 defenders led by the Afghan warlord Khwaja Usman. The Mughals are almost defeated until Usman is struck in the eye by an arrow fired from a crossbow.
April–June
- April 10 - In England, 12 persons who become known as the Pendle witches allegedly hold a coven at the Malkin Tower in Lancashire on Good Friday, after which 10 people die mysteriously. All but two of the accused witches are tried for causing harm by witchcraft on August 18.
- April 11 - In Lichfield, Edward Wightman, a radical Anabaptist, becomes the last person to be burned at the stake in England as punishment for heresy.
- May 10 - Prince Khurram, the 20-year-old son of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, marries 19-year-old Arjumand Banu Begum at a ceremony in Delhi. In 1628, Khurram becomes the Emperor Shah Jahan with Arjumand Begum as his chief consort Mumtaz Mahal. Arjumand dies in 1631 and Khurram later commissions and builds the Taj Mahal in her memory.
- May 25 - A Sicilian–Spanish galley fleet defeats the Tunisians at La Goulette after a battle.
- June 13 - Archduke Matthias of Austria is formally elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor.
- June 26 - The coronation of Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor takes place at the Frankfurt Cathedral.
July–September
- July 4 - In what is now Myanmar, Min Khamaung becomes the new King of Arakan upon the death of his father, King Min Razagyi.
- July 22 - Four women and one man are hanged following the Northamptonshire witch trials in England.
- July 24 - Marcantonio Memmo is elected as the Doge of the Republic of Venice on the first ballot of the Venetian council, winning 38 of the 41 votes. Memmo succeeds the late Doge Leonardo Donato, who died on July 16.
- August 20 - Ten Pendle witches are hanged, having been found guilty of practising witchcraft in Lancashire in England.
- August 26 - Battle of Kringen: A Scottish mercenary force is destroyed in Norway.
- September 1 - Battle of Moscow : Led by General Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, a relief force from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose troops had been occupying Moscow for two years, make an unsuccessful attempt to break the Russian siege of the Kremlin, where General Mikolaj Strus and his troops are trapped. Both the Russians and the Commonwealth troops suffer at least 1,000 deaths, but the Russians prevail. General Chodkiewicz tries a second attack the next day and fails.
- September 2 - The Lutheran Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom within Poland, becomes the first Protestant government to follow the Roman Catholic nations in adopting the Gregorian calendar.
- September 5 - England's East India Company gets its first warships and establishes the "'Honourable East India Company's Marine'" to protect its freighters. The force develops over the centuries into the Royal Indian Navy and, after India's independence in 1947, the Indian Navy.
- September 22 - Retreating Polish and Lithuanian troops burn the Russian city of Vologda in reprisal for their defeat at Moscow.
October–December
- October 27 - Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had been occupying Moscow for more than two years, surrender unconditionally to Russian militia forces and are allowed to leave after the Kremlin is liberated by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Prince Kuzma Minin.
- November 20 - The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha is signed, between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, with the Ottomans ceding back land they had captured from the Safavids after 1555, in return for Safavid payment of 200 loads of silk.
- November 30 - Battle of Swally: Forces of the British East India Company and Portugal engage off the coast of India, resulting in an English victory.
- December 15 - Simon Marius becomes the first person on Earth to observe the Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope.
- December 28 - Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when in conjunction with Jupiter. He mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star, because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic. Neptune will not be truly recognized as a planet until 1846, about 234 years later, when Johann Gottfried Galle first sights it in the Berlin Observatory.
Date unknown
- The Nagoya Castle is completed in Japan.
- The Okamoto Daihachi incident in Japan.
- Thomas Shelton's English translation of the first half of Don Quixote is published. It is the first translation of the Spanish novel into any language.
Births
January–March
- January 17 - Thomas Fairfax, English Civil War general
- January 21 - Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe
- January 22 - Daniel Zwicker, German physician
- January 23 - George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare, Irish earl
- February 1 - William West, English politician
- February 2 - Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth, English baron and politician
- February 4 - Arthur Spry, English politician
- February 5 - Crown Prince Sohyeon, Korean crown prince
- February 6 - Antoine Arnauld, French theologian
- February 7 - Thomas Killigrew, English dramatist and theatre manager
- February 9 - Pier Francesco Mola, Italian painter of the High Baroque
- February 15 - Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, French military officer, founder of Montreal in New France
- February 20 - Richard Olmsted, Connecticut settler
- February 21 - Lorenzo Imperiali, Italian cardinal
- February 22 - George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol, English statesman
- March 20 - Anne Bradstreet, née Dudley, English-born American Puritan poet
April–June
- April 6 - James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond
- April 10 - Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria, Italian Catholic cardinal
- April 12 - Simone Cantarini, Italian painter and engraver
- April 28 - Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1622 to 1646
- May 6 - François-Joseph Bressani, Italian missionary
- May 10 - Francesco Palliola, Italian Servant of God
- May 12 - Laurence Womock, English Bishop of St David's
- May 17
- * Matthew Babington, English politician
- * Joannes Meyssens, Flemish painter
- May 26 - Raja Wodeyar II, King of Mysore
- May 31 - Margherita de' Medici, Italian noble
- June 1 - Frans Post, Dutch painter
- June 23 - André Tacquet, Brabantian mathematician, Jesuit priest
- June 25 - John Albert Vasa, Polish bishop
- June 29 - Sir William Bowyer, 1st Baronet, English politician
July–September
- July 23 - Christian Lupus, Flemish historian
- July 27 - Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan
- August 2 - Saskia van Uylenburgh, wife of painter Rembrandt van Rijn
- August 10 - Charles de Grimaldi-Régusse, French aristocrat
- August 12 - Allart Pieter van Jongestall, Dutch jurist, politician, and diplomat
- August 17 - Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Polish nobleman
- August 23 - Francis Lascelles, English politician
- August 28 - Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Dutch scholar
- September 1 - Nicolas Chorier, French historian, lawyer and writer
- September 24 - William Gawdy, English politician
October–December
- October 6
- * Claude Françoise de Lorraine, Princess of Lorraine
- * Louis Maracci, Italian priest
- October 14
- * Pierre Bailloquet, French missionary
- * Thomas Fitch, Connecticut settler
- October 18 - John Eliot, English politician
- October 19 - Nicolas Chaperon, French painter
- October 20 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, Anglo-Irish nobleman, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, Cavalier
- October 23 - Henry Lingen, English politician
- October 25 - James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, Scottish soldier
- October 26 - Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester
- October 27 - Margravine Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Electress of Saxony by marriage
- October 30 - Paul Würtz, Swedish general
- November 7 - Pierre Mignard, French painter
- November 11
- * Jean Garnier, French historian
- * August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, Danish-German prince and member of the House of Oldenburg
- * Richard Sherlock, English priest
- November 17 - Dorgon, Chinese Manchu prince
- November 28 - Sir Thomas Whitmore, 1st Baronet, English politician and Baronet
- December 2 - David Ryckaert III, Flemish painter