February 12
Events
Pre-1600
- 1096 - Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular.
- 1404 - The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
- 1429 - English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings.
- 1502 - Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.
- 1502 - Vasco da Gama sets sail with 15 ships and 800 men from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.
- 1541 - Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.
- 1593 - Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwŏn Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.
1601–1900
- 1689 - The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
- 1733 - Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah.
- 1771 - Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.
- 1817 - An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.
- 1818 - Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.
- 1825 - The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.
- 1832 - Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.
- 1889 - Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague
- 1894 - Café Terminus bombing by Émile Henry during the Ère des attentats. Influential event for the birth of modern terrorism.
1901–present
- 1909 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is founded.
- 1909 - New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour.
- 1912 - The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates.
- 1919 - The Second Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole.
- 1921 - Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia.
- 1935 -, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks.
- 1945 - A devastating tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama kills 45 people and injures 427 others.
- 1946 - World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats.
- 1946 - African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil.
- 1947 - The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union.
- 1947 - Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world.
- 1961 - The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus.
- 1963 - Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri.
- 1963 - Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing all 45 people on board.
- 1965 - Malcolm X visits Smethwick near Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election.
- 1966 - Rabbi Morris Adler is fatally shot by a disgruntled congregant at Congregation Shaarey Zedek in Southfield, Michigan, United States.
- 1968 - Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre.
- 1974 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union.
- 1983 - One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law.
- 1988 - Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage.
- 1990 - Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia.
- 1992 - The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect.
- 1993 - Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him.
- 1994 - Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream.
- 1999 - United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial.
- 2001 - NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.
- 2002 - The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion.
- 2002 - An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119.
- 2004 - The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom.
- 2009 - Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground.
- 2016 - Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054.
- 2019 - The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.
Births
Pre-1600
- AD 41 - Britannicus, Roman son of Claudius
- 528 - Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, nominal empress regnant of Northern Wei
- 661 - Princess Ōku of Japan
- 1074 - Conrad II of Italy
- 1218 - Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shōgun
- 1322 - John Henry, Margrave of Moravia
- 1443 - Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble
- 1480 - Frederick II of Legnica, Duke of Legnica
- 1540 - Wŏn Kyun, Korean general and admiral
- 1567 - Thomas Campion, English composer, poet, and physician
- 1584 - Caspar Barlaeus, Dutch historian, poet, and theologian
1601–1900
- 1606 - John Winthrop the Younger, English-American lawyer and politician, Governor of Connecticut
- 1608 - Daniello Bartoli, Italian Jesuit priest
- 1637 - Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and zoologist
- 1663 - Cotton Mather, English-American minister and author
- 1665 - Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician
- 1704 - Charles Pinot Duclos, French author
- 1706 - Johann Joseph Christian, German Baroque sculptor and woodcarver
- 1728 - Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect
- 1753 - François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral
- 1761 - Jan Ladislav Dussek, Czech pianist and composer
- 1768 - Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
- 1775 - Louisa Adams, 6th First Lady of the United States
- 1777 - Bernard Courtois, French chemist and academic
- 1777 - Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, German author and poet
- 1785 - Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist and chemist
- 1787 - Norbert Provencher, Canadian bishop and missionary
- 1788 - Carl Reichenbach, German chemist and philosopher
- 1791 - Peter Cooper, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Cooper Union
- 1794 - Alexander Petrov, Russian chess player and composer
- 1794 - Valentín Canalizo, Mexican general and politician
- 1804 - Heinrich Lenz, German-Italian physicist and academic
- 1809 - Charles Darwin, English naturalist, geologist, biologist and theorist
- 1809 - Abraham Lincoln, American lawyer and statesman, 16th President of the United States
- 1819 - William Wetmore Story, American sculptor, architect, poet and editor
- 1824 - Dayananda Saraswati, Indian monk and philosopher, founded Arya Samaj
- 1828 - George Meredith, English novelist and poet
- 1837 - Thomas Moran, British-American painter and printmaker of the Hudson River School
- 1857 - Eugène Atget, French photographer
- 1857 - Bobby Peel, English cricketer and coach
- 1861 - Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-German psychoanalyst and author
- 1866 - Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher
- 1869 - Kiến Phúc, Vietnamese emperor
- 1870 - Marie Lloyd, English actress and singer
- 1876 - 13th Dalai Lama
- 1877 - Louis Renault, French engineer and businessman, co-founded Renault
- 1880 - George Preca, Maltese priest and saint
- 1880 - John L. Lewis, American miner and union leader
- 1881 - Anna Pavlova, Russian-English ballerina and actress
- 1882 - Walter Nash, English-New Zealand lawyer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand
- 1884 - Max Beckmann, German painter and sculptor
- 1884 - Johan Laidoner, Estonian-Russian general
- 1884 - Alice Roosevelt Longworth, American author
- 1884 - Marie Vassilieff, Russian-French painter
- 1885 - James Scott, American composer
- 1885 - Julius Streicher, German publisher, founded Der Stürmer
- 1889 - Bhante Dharmawara, Cambodian monk, lawyer, and judge
- 1893 - Omar Bradley, American general
- 1895 - Kristian Djurhuus, Faroese lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
- 1897 - Charles Groves Wright Anderson, South African-Australian colonel and politician
- 1897 - Lincoln LaPaz, American astronomer and academic
- 1898 - Wallace Ford, English-American actor and singer
- 1900 - Roger J. Traynor, American lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of California