List of orphans and foundlings
Notable orphans and foundlings include world leaders, celebrated writers, entertainment greats, figures in science and business, as well as innumerable fictional characters in literature and comics. While the exact definition of orphan and foundlings varies, one legal definition is a child bereft through "death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents". According to the United Nations, the definition of an orphan is anyone that loses one or more parent, either through death or abandonment.
Figures from classical history and religious scripture
Africa
- Amenhotep III, pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty
- Hatshepsut, pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
- Thutmose III, Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty
Asia
- Andal, Tamil saint, found in a temple garden according to religious tradition
- Antiochus III the Great, Hellenistic Greek king and the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Confucius, Chinese scholar & politician
- Esther, Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus
- Moses, religious leader, given up as an infant
- Sargon of Akkad, ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire
- Pulcheria, Roman ruler "Augusta Imperatrix"
Europe
- Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist, orphaned in early childhood
- Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome
- Britannicus, son of the Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Valeria Messalina
- Caligula, Roman emperor in AD 37–41
- Cato the Younger, Roman Republic, left an orphan and raised by his uncle
- Hadrian, Roman emperor
- Juba II, king of Numidia and then later moved to Mauretania and his wife Cleopatra Selene II
- Julian, Roman Emperor and philosopher
- Oedipus, mythical Greek king, abandoned on a mountain
- Pancras, Roman religious figure
- Galla Placidia, major force in Roman politics
- Romulus and Remus, traditional founders of Ancient Rome, orphaned in infancy
- Lucius Verus, Roman Emperor
Political, civic and religious leaders
Africa
- Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam
- Jean-Hilaire Aubame, Gabonese politician active during both the colonial and independence periods
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa, military officer and the head of state of the Central African Republic and Emperor of Central Africa
- Piet Joubert, military leader in South African Republic
- Jomo Kenyatta, Kenyan politician and the first President of Kenya
- Nelson Mandela, president of South Africa, raised as a ward
- Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia
- Mobutu Sese Seko, military dictator and President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia
Asia
- Abbas, 5th Shah of Safavid dynasty of Iran
- Akbar, rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in India
- Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader
- Chulalongkorn, monarch of Siam
- Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda State
- Go-Momozono, Emperor of Japan
- Go-Sakuramachi, Emperor of Japan
- Go-Toba, Emperor of Japan
- Hongwu, Chinese emperor
- Huineng, Buddhist monk who is one of the most important figures in Chan Buddhism
- Saddam Hussein, 5th President of Iraq
- Hu Jintao, Chinese politician and the paramount leader of China
- Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China
- Genghis Khan, Mongol leader
- Emperor Meiji, 122nd Emperor of Japan
- Mohammad Mosaddegh, Iranian politician, head of a democratically elected government and Prime Minister of Iran
- Muhammad, religious leader, orphaned at age 6
- Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of the princely state of Koch Bihar
- Saparmurat Niyazov, 1st President of Turkmenistan
- Li Peng, Chinese politician
- Yitzhak Rabin, Israeli politician, statesman and general and the fifth Prime Minister of Israel
- Madho Singh II, Maharajadhiraja of Jaipur
- Seiwa, Emperor of Japan
- Nader Shah, Iranian rulers
- Reza Shah, Shah of Iran
- Adi Shankaracharya, scholar, philosopher, reformer, Advaita Vedanta non-dualism
- Taixu, Buddhist modernist, activist and thinker who advocated the reform and renewal of Chinese Buddhism
- Theodora, empress of the Byzantine Empire
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist, teacher, lawyer and an independence activist
- Minamoto no Yoritomo, founder and the first shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan
- Zhu Rongji, premier of China
Australia/Oceania
- Paul Eagle, New Zealand politician
- Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii
- John McEwen, Prime Minister of Australia, at age seven
- William McMahon, Prime Minister of Australia, at age 8 and 18
- Frank Rogers, New Zealand politician
Europe
- Pope Adrian VI
- Alfred the Great, King of Wessex from 871 to 899
- Yuri Andropov, Chairman of the KGB and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Anna of Russia, Empress of Russia
- Anne of Brittany, French queen
- Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- Eleanor of Aquitaine, member of the Ramnulfid dynasty and one of the most powerful women in the High Middle Ages
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey
- Manuel Azaña, second Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic
- August Bebel, German socialist politician, writer, and orator
- Ernest Bevin, British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician
- Hans Böckler, German politician and trade union leader
- Charles V, ruler of both the Spanish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire
- Charles X, king of France
- Charlotte, wife of George III, King of England
- Albert Chmielowski, Polish nobleman, noted painter, disabled veteran of the Uprising of 1863
- John Church, clergyman, found as a toddler
- Pope Clement VII
- Clovis I, first King of the Franks
- Gaspard II de Coligny, Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion, nobleman and Admiral of France
- Saints Cyril, Byzantine Christian theologian and missionary
- Edward VI, King of England, orphaned at age 9
- Elizabeth I, Queen of England
- Elizabeth of Russia, Empress of Russia
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia, and Archduke of Austria
- Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, medieval monarch
- Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany
- Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg, Landgravine consort and Regent of Hesse-Kassel
- Henry VI, King of England and France
- Adolf Hitler, Fuhrer of Germany, orphaned at 18
- Salvador of Horta, Spanish Franciscan lay brother from the region of Catalonia in Spain
- Ivan IV, Russian ruler, orphaned at age 8
- Joan II of Navarre, Queen of Navarre
- John I, King of Portugal and the Algarve
- Konstantinos Kanaris, Greek Prime Minister, admiral and politician, freedom fighter in the Greek War of Independence
- Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian diplomat, politician, judge and the eighth President of Austria
- Pope Leo X
- David Lloyd George, Welsh statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922
- Louis XIV, King of France or the Sun King
- Louis XV, King of France
- Louis XVI, King of France
- Louis XVII, titular King of France
- Louis XVIII, King of France
- Maria II, Queen regnant of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
- Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy, reigned over the Burgundian State, now mainly in France and the Low Countries
- Mary, Queen of Scots, and of France
- Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France
- Philip Melanchthon, German Lutheran reformer
- Angela Merici, Italian religious educator
- Louise Otto-Peters, German suffragist and women's rights movement activist who wrote novels, poetry, essays, and libretti
- Olof Palme, Swedish politician, statesman and Prime Minister of Sweden
- Peter the Great, Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire
- Peter II of Russia, Emperor of Russia
- Peter III of Russia, Emperor of Russia
- Philip IV, king of France, called the Fair or the Iron King
- Maximilien Robespierre, French politician during the French Revolution, orphaned at age 6
- Baal Shem Tov, Jewish mystic and healer from Poland
- Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian military & political leader
- Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, King of Bohemia from 1363 until his death and King of Germany
- Wilhelm I, King of Prussia and the first German emperor
North America
- William Bradford, colonial governor, orphaned at age 7
- George Clymer, early American politician
- Jefferson Davis, American politician, and President of the Confederate States
- Frederick Douglass, African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman
- Peter Francisco, soldier, found on a Virginia dock as a young child
- Mariano Gálvez, Guatemalan politician, foundling adopted and raised by Gálvez family
- Alexander Hamilton, American politician, orphaned at age 13
- John Hancock, American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution
- Ben W. Hooper, governor of Tennessee, raised in an orphanage
- Herbert Hoover, U.S. president, orphaned at age 9
- Andrew Jackson, U.S. president, orphaned at age 14
- Benito Juarez, Mexican president, orphaned at age 3
- George F. Kennan, American diplomat and historian
- Edward Langworthy, American politician, raised in an orphanage
- Moctezuma II, ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan
- Malcolm X, politician and civil rights activist, raised in an orphanage and foster care
- Christopher G. Memminger, German American politician, raised in an orphanage
- James Monroe, fifth President of the United States
- Eleanor Roosevelt, U.S. First Lady & activist, orphaned at age 10
- Joseph F. Smith, American religious leader, orphaned at age 13
- Tenskwatawa, Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe
- Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution
- Tom Vilsack, American politician, adopted at birth