Commercial broadcasting


Commercial broadcasting is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.

Features

Advertising

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.
In the United States, non-commercial educational television and radio exist in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house.
Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission to control commercial broadcasting.

Paid programming

Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they sell commercial time in a similar manner.
The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:
  • Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
  • They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
  • They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
  • They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
  • They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.
Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.

Ratings

Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven— particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.

Global commercial broadcasting

Americas

Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."
The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite services include DirecTV and Dish Network.
In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

Europe

In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting.
In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.

Asia

The best and most known commercial broadcasters in Asia are the South Korean radio and television networks SBS, Hong Kong television networks TVB, Taiwanese television networks FTV and Philippine radio and television networks GMA Network.

List of major commercial broadcasters

in bold.

Africa

Angola

  • AXN Dublado
  • Dreamia
  • *
  • Palanca TV
  • SuperSport
  • * SuperSport Blitz
  • * SuperSport Grandstand
  • * SuperSport Football Plus
  • * SuperSport Premier League
  • * SuperSport La Liga
  • * SuperSport Football
  • * SuperSport Action
  • * SuperSport Africa
  • * SuperSport Africa 2
  • * SuperSport WWE
  • * SuperSport Variety 1
  • * SuperSport Rugby
  • * SuperSport Cricket
  • * SuperSport Golf
  • * SuperSport Tennis
  • * SuperSport Motorsport
  • * SuperSport Màximo 1
  • * SuperSport Màximo 2
  • * SuperSport Màximo 3
  • * SuperSport Màximo 360
  • TV Zimbo
  • TVCine
  • *TVCine Power
  • ZAP
  • * Zap Filmes HD
  • * Zap Filmes Top
  • * Zap Filmes Extra
  • * Zap Filmes Kids
  • Zap Music
  • * Zap Rock
  • * Zap Blues
  • * Zap Jazz
  • * Zap Dance
  • * Zap Easy Listening
  • * Zap Hip Hop
  • * Zap Trance
  • * Zap Reggae
  • * Zap The Chill Lounge
  • * Zap 80's
  • * Zap 90's
  • * Zap Pop
  • * Zap Greatest Hits
  • * Zap Classic Music
  • * Zap Afro Beat
  • Z Sports
  • * Z Sports 1
  • * Z Sports 2
  • * Z Sports LaLiga
  • Zap Viva
  • Zap Novelas

Ivory Coast

Nigeria

& Borno Radio Television

South Africa

Tanzania

Americas

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Canada

English language

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Panama

Paraguay

Peru

United States

English language

Uruguay

Venezuela

Asia

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

  • PT Global Mediacom Tbk
  • *PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk
  • **PT Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia
  • **PT MNC Televisi Indonesia
  • **PT Global Informasi Bermutu
  • **PT Media Nusantara Informasi
  • ***PT MNC Televisi Networks
  • **PT MNC Networks
  • ***PT Radio Trijaya Shakti
  • ***PT Radio Arief Rahman Hakim
  • ***PT Radio Suara Monalisa
  • ***PT Radio Sabda Sosok Sohor
  • **PT MNC Digital Indonesia
  • ***PT Suara Digital Nusantara
  • **PT MNC Portal Indonesia
  • ***PT MNC Okezone Network
  • ***PT iNews Digital Indonesia
  • ***PT Sindonews Portal Indonesia
  • ***PT Media Nusantara Dinamis
  • ***MNCTrijaya.com
  • * PT MNC Vision Networks Tbk
  • ** PT MNC Sky Vision Tbk
  • ** PT MNC OTT Network
  • PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk
  • *PT Omni Intivision
  • *PT Surya Citra Media Tbk
  • **PT Surya Citra Televisi
  • **PT Indosiar Visual Mandiri
  • **PT Mediatama Televisi
  • **PT Indonesia Entertainment Grup
  • ***PT Surya Media Citaprima
  • **PT Vidio Dot Com
  • **PT KapanLagi Dot Com Networks
  • ***KapanLagi.com
  • ***PT Liputan Enam Dot Com
  • ***Merdeka.com
  • ***Otosia.com
  • ***PT Brilio Ventura Indonesia
  • ***Fimela.com
  • ***PT Bintang Dot Com
  • ***PT Bola Dot Com
  • ***Bola.net
  • ***PT Dream Bahagia Indonesia
  • ***PT Kreator Kreatif Indonesia
  • ***ManisdanSedap.com
  • ***Sooperboy.com
  • ***Socia.id
  • PT Visi Media Asia Tbk
  • *[Bakrie Group#Media & Entertainment|PT Intermedia Capital Tbk]
  • **PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi
  • **PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia
  • *PT Lativi Media Karya
  • *PT Vista Media Kreasi
  • *PT Viva Media Baru
  • **VIVA.co.id
  • **IntipSeleb.com
  • **tvOnenews.com
  • **JagoDangdut
  • **Sahijab
  • **100KPJ.com
  • **VLIX
  • **OnePride.net
  • **Oneprix.id
  • PT Media Group
  • *PT Media Televisi Indonesia
  • *PT Mitra Media Digital
  • *PT Mitra Siaran Digital
  • *PT Radio Agustina Junior
  • ** PT Radio Suara Alam Indah
  • *PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama
  • *PT Masa Kini Mandiri
  • *PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia
  • *Dadali.id
  • *Clicks.id
  • *Suma.id
  • *Apakareba.id
  • *RuangJurnalistik.id
  • *Gaya.id
  • *Oase.id
  • *Autogear.id
  • *PT Inibaru Media
  • *PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia Lampung
  • *MetroXtend
  • *Podme.id
  • *Mego.id
  • PT Trans Media Corpora
  • *PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia
  • *PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh
  • *PT Trans News Corpora
  • *PT Trans Berita Bisnis
  • *PT Trans Digital Media
  • **Detik
  • **CNN Indonesia
  • **CNBC Indonesia
  • **HaiBunda
  • **InsertLive
  • **Beautynesia
  • **Female Daily
  • **Mommies Daily
  • **Girls Beyond
  • **CXO Media
  • **Trans Media Sosial
  • *PT Indonusa Telemedia
  • **CubMu
  • **PT Radio Transuara Indonesia
  • PT KG Media
  • *PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi
  • *PT Kompas Media Nusantara
  • *PT Kompas Cyber Media
  • *PT Grahanusa Mediatama
  • *Tribun Network
  • *Grid Network
  • **Otomotif
  • **Intisari
  • **National Geographic Indonesia
  • **Bobo
  • **m&c!
  • **Elex Media Komputindo
  • **Gramedia Pustaka Utama
  • **Grid.id
  • **BeautyDate
  • **Bobo.id
  • **CewekBanget.id
  • **Nextren
  • **SajianSedap
  • **GridKids
  • **Hai-Online
  • **GridPop.id
  • **GridGames.id
  • **GridHot.id
  • **GridHype.id
  • **GridVideo
  • **XY-Kids! Online
  • **GridKids.id
  • **GridStar
  • **Parapuan.id
  • **Foto Kita
  • **GridHealth.id
  • **GridGames.id
  • **OtoSeken.id
  • **OtoFemale.id
  • **Suar.id
  • **Nakita.id
  • **Idea
  • **Sosok.id
  • **Stylo.id
  • **Wiken.id
  • **Kitchenesia
  • **BolaSport.com
  • **Bolanas.com
  • **BolaStylo.com
  • **Juara.net
  • **SuperBall.id
  • **GridOto.com
  • **Otomotifnet.com
  • **Otomania.com
  • **Otobursa.com
  • **Otomania.com
  • **Otomontir
  • **OtoRace.id
  • **Motor Plus
  • **Gridmotor.id
  • **Grid Story Factory
  • *PT Magentic Network Indonesia
  • **PT Radio Sonora
  • **PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya
  • **PT Radio Smart Media Utama
  • PT MD Entertainment Tbk
  • *PT MDTV Media Technologies Tbk
  • **PT MDTV Media Televisi
  • PT Rajawali Corpora
  • *PT Metropolitan Televisindo
  • PT Jawa Pos Group
  • *PT Surabaya Media Televisi
  • *PT Jawa Pos Koran
  • *JawaPos.com
  • *Prokal.co
  • *Hargo.co.id
  • *AntarKeMana.com
  • *Komputek
  • *Nyata
  • *Posmo
  • *Cantiq
  • *Bunda
  • *Koki
  • *Tunas
  • *Modis
  • *Hikmah
  • *Ototrend
  • *Nurani
  • *Suksesi
  • *Dhara Pos
  • PT NT Corp
  • *PT Nusantara Media Mandiri
  • *PT Harum Terang Sehati
  • *PT Gold Media Mandiri
  • *PT Reeuters Mandiri Global
  • *PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera
  • *PT Nusantara Digital Mandiri
  • *NusantaraTV.com
  • *NTVNews.id
  • *Celebtale
  • *Healthpedia
  • *Virtupop
  • *Kamutau
  • *Okedeh
  • *NNIN
  • *Arah
  • *Fesionista
  • *Teknospace
  • *Jurnalmu
  • *Otomu
  • *Neonews
  • PT Digdaya Media Nusantara
  • PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia
  • *PT First Media News
  • *PT Jakarta Marcapedia Media
  • *PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia
  • *PT Media Investor Indonesia
  • *PT Beritasatu Media
  • *PT Jakarta Globe Media
  • *PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia
  • PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
  • *Tempo.co
  • *Cantika
  • *GoOto
  • *Foodizz
  • *Teras.id
  • *Suaraindo.id
  • *Indonesiana
  • *Rombak Media
  • *Ziliun
  • *Kok Bisa?
  • *TelusuRI
  • *Koran Tempo
  • *Tempo
  • *Tempo English
  • PT MRA Media
  • *PT Media Network Wahana
  • **PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja
  • **PT Radio Mustika Abadi
  • PT Mahaka Media
  • *Mahaka Radio Integra
  • **PT Radio Attahiriyah
  • **PT Radio Suara Irama Indah
  • **PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa
  • **PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya
  • **PT Radio Mustang Utama
  • **PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara
  • **Noice
  • **Rayya Channel
  • PT Masima Radio Network
  • *PT Radio Prambors
  • *PT Radio Delta Insani
  • PT Elshinta Media Group
  • *PT Radio Elshinta
  • *Fit Radio
  • PT Tiga Visi Media
  • *PT Radio Bahana Sanada Dunia
  • *PT Radio Dengan Anda Bahagia
  • Kiss Network
  • *'''PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara '''

Japan (key stations">Flagship (broadcasting)">key stations)

Malaysia

*

Philippines

Singapore

South Korea

Taiwan

Thailand

Europe

Norway

Denmark

Sweden

Finland

Republic of Ireland

United Kingdom

France

Italy

Germany

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Spain

Portugal

Poland

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand