October 22
Events
Pre-1600
- 451 - The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
- 794 - Japanese Emperor Kanmu relocates his empire's capital to Heian-kyō.
- 906 - Abbasid general Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh leads a raid against the Byzantine Empire, taking 4,000–5,000 captives.
- 1383 - The male line of the Portuguese House of Burgundy becomes extinct with the death of King Fernando, leaving only his daughter Beatrice. Rival claimants begin a period of civil war and disorder.
1601–1900
- 1721 - The Russian Empire is proclaimed by Tsar Peter I after the Swedish defeat in the Great Northern War.
- 1724 - J. S. Bach leads the first performance of Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele in Leipzig on the 20th Sunday after Trinity, based on the communion hymn of the same name.
- 1730 - Construction of the Ladoga Canal is completed in Russia.
- 1739 - The War of Jenkins' Ear begins with the first attack on La Guaira.
- 1746 - The College of New Jersey receives its charter.
- 1777 - American Revolutionary War: American defenders of Fort Mercer on the Delaware River repulse repeated Hessian attacks in the Battle of Red Bank.
- 1790 - Northwest Indian War: Native American forces defeat the United States, ending the Harmar Campaign.
- 1797 - André-Jacques Garnerin makes the first recorded parachute jump, from above Paris.
- 1836 - Sam Houston is inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Texas.
- 1844 - The Millerites anticipate the end of the world in conjunction with the Second Advent of Christ. The following day becomes known as the Great Disappointment.
- 1859 - Spain declares war on Morocco.
- 1866 - A plebiscite ratifies the annexation of Veneto and Mantua to Italy, which had occurred three days before on October 19.
- 1877 - The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.
- 1879 - Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb; the bulb lasted 13 hours before burning out.
- 1883 - The Metropolitan Opera House in New York City opens with a performance of Charles Gounod's Faust.
- 1884 - The International Meridian Conference designates the Royal Observatory, Greenwich as the world's prime meridian.
- 1895 - In Paris, an express train derails after overrunning the buffer stop, crossing almost of concourse before crashing through a wall and falling to the road below.
1901–present
- 1907 - A run on the stock of the Knickerbocker Trust Company sets events in motion that will spark the Panic of 1907.
- 1910 - Hawley Harvey Crippen is convicted of poisoning his wife.
- 1923 - The royalist Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt fails in Greece, discrediting the monarchy and paving the way for the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic.
- 1934 - In East Liverpool, Ohio, FBI agents shoot and kill the notorious bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd.
- 1936 - Dod Orsborne, captain of the Girl Pat is convicted of its theft and imprisoned, having caused a media sensation when it went missing.
- 1941 - World War II: French resistance member Guy Môquet and 29 other hostages are executed by the Germans in retaliation for the death of a German officer.
- 1943 - World War II: In the second firestorm raid on Germany, the British Royal Air Force conducts an air raid on the town of Kassel, killing 10,000 and rendering 150,000 homeless.
- 1946 - Over twenty-two hundred engineers and technicians from eastern Germany are forced to relocate to the Soviet Union, along with their families and equipment.
- 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis: President Kennedy, after internal counsel from Dwight D. Eisenhower, announces that American reconnaissance planes have discovered Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba, and that he has ordered a naval "quarantine" of the Communist nation.
- 1963 - A BAC One-Eleven prototype airliner crashes in UK with the loss of all on board.
- 1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, though he does not accept the prize.
- 1975 - The Soviet uncrewed space mission Venera 9 lands on Venus.
- 1981 - The US Federal Labor Relations Authority votes to decertify the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization for its strike the previous August.
- 1983 - Two correctional officers are killed by inmates at the United States Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. The incident inspires the Supermax model of prisons.
- 1987 - John Adams' opera Nixon in China premiered at the Houston Grand Opera.
- 1992 - Space Shuttle Columbia launches on STS-52 to deploy the LAGEOS-2 satellite and microgravity experiments.
- 1997 - Danish fugitive Steen Christensen kills two police officers, Chief Constable Eero Holsti and Senior Constable Antero Palo, in Ullanlinna, Helsinki, Finland during his prison escape.
- 1999 - Maurice Papon, an official in the Vichy government during World War II, is jailed for crimes against humanity.
- 2005 - Tropical Storm Alpha forms in the Atlantic Basin, making the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season the most active Atlantic hurricane season until surpassed by the 2020 season.
- 2005 - Bellview Airlines Flight 210 crashes in Nigeria, killing all 117 people on board.
- 2006 - A Panama Canal expansion proposal is approved by 77.8% of voters in a national referendum.
- 2007 - A raid on Anuradhapura Air Force Base is carried out by 21 Tamil Tiger commandos, with all except one dying in this attack. Eight Sri Lanka Air Force planes are destroyed and ten damaged.
- 2008 - India launches its first uncrewed lunar probe mission Chandrayaan-1.
- 2012 - Cyclist Lance Armstrong is formally stripped of his seven Tour de France titles after being charged for doping.
- 2013 - The Australian Capital Territory becomes the first Australian jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage with the Marriage Equality Act 2013.
- 2014 - Michael Zehaf-Bibeau attacks the Parliament of Canada, killing a soldier and injuring three other people.
- 2019 - Same-sex marriage is legalised, and abortion is decriminalised in Northern Ireland as a result of the Northern Ireland Assembly not being restored.
Births
Pre-1600
- 955 - Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue
- 1071 - William IX, Duke of Aquitaine
- 1197 - Juntoku, Japanese emperor
- 1511 - Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician
- 1587 - Joachim Jungius, German mathematician and philosopher
- 1592 - Gustav Horn, Count of Pori
1601–1900
- 1659 - Georg Ernst Stahl, German chemist and physician
- 1689 - John V, Portuguese king
- 1701 - Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
- 1729 - Johann Reinhold Forster, German pastor and botanist
- 1749 - Cornelis van der Aa, Dutch historian and bookseller
- 1778 - Javier de Burgos, Spanish jurist and politician
- 1781 - Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France
- 1783 - Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Ottoman-French polymath and naturalist
- 1809 - Volney Howard, American lawyer, jurist, and statesman, Texas Attorney General
- 1811 - Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer
- 1818 - Leconte de Lisle, French poet and author
- 1821 - Collis Potter Huntington, American businessman
- 1832 - August Labitzky, Czech composer and conductor
- 1843 - James Strachan-Davidson, English classical scholar, academic administrator, translator, and author
- 1844 - Sarah Bernhardt, French actress and manager
- 1844 - Louis Riel, Canadian Métis scholar and politician
- 1847 - Koos de la Rey, South African Boer general
- 1850 - Charles Kingston, Australian politician, 20th Premier of South Australia
- 1858 - Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
- 1859 - Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria
- 1865 - Borghild Holmsen, Norwegian pianist, composer and music critic
- 1865 - Kristjan Raud, Estonian painter and illustrator
- 1870 - Ivan Bunin, Russian author and poet, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1870 - Lord Alfred Douglas, English author and poet
- 1873 - Gustaf John Ramstedt, Finnish linguist and diplomat
- 1873 - Rama Tirtha, Indian philosopher and educator
- 1875 - Théodore Monbeig, French Catholic missionary and botanist
- 1875 - David van Embden, Dutch economist and politician
- 1881 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1881 - Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz, German geophysicist and seismologist
- 1882 - Edmund Dulac, French-English illustrator
- 1882 - N. C. Wyeth, American painter and illustrator
- 1885 - Giovanni Martinelli, Italian tenor and actor
- 1886 - Erik Bergman, Swedish minister
- 1887 - John Reed, American journalist and poet
- 1893 - Ernst Öpik, Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist
- 1893 - Luis Otero, Spanish footballer
- 1894 - Mei Lanfang, Chinese actor and singer
- 1895 - Johnny Morrison, professional baseball player
- 1896 - Charles Glen King, American biochemist and academic
- 1896 - José Leitão de Barros, Portuguese film director and playwright
- 1897 - Marjorie Flack, American author and illustrator
- 1898 - Dámaso Alonso, Spanish poet and philologist
- 1899 - Salarrué, Salvadoran writer and painter
1901–present
- 1903 - George Wells Beadle, American geneticist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1903 - Curly Howard, American comedian and vaudevillian
- 1904 - Constance Bennett, American actress, singer, and producer
- 1904 - Saúl Calandra, Argentine football player
- 1904 - Karl Guthe Jansky, American physicist and radio engineer
- 1905 - Joseph Kosma, Hungarian-French pianist and composer
- 1906 - Kees van Baaren, Dutch composer and educator
- 1906 - Aurelio Baldor, Cuban mathematician and lawyer
- 1907 - Jimmie Foxx, American baseball player
- 1907 - Günther Treptow, German tenor
- 1908 - John Gould, American journalist and author
- 1908 - José Escobar Saliente, Spanish cartoonist
- 1913 - Robert Capa, Hungarian-American photographer and journalist
- 1913 - Bảo Đại, Vietnamese emperor
- 1913 - Hans-Peter Tschudi, Swiss lawyer and politician, 63rd President of the Swiss Confederation
- 1915 - Yitzhak Shamir, Belarusian-Israeli civil servant and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Israel
- 1917 - Joan Fontaine, English-American actress
- 1918 - Lou Klein, American baseball player, coach, and manager
- 1919 - Doris Lessing, British novelist, poet, playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1920 - Timothy Leary, American psychologist and author
- 1921 - Georges Brassens, French singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1921 - Aleksandr Kronrod, Russian mathematician and computer scientist
- 1921 - Harald Nugiseks, Estonian sergeant
- 1923 - Bert Trautmann, German footballer and coach
- 1925 - Slater Martin, American basketball player and coach
- 1925 - Dory Previn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1925 - Edith Kawelohea McKinzie, Hawaiian genealogist, author, and hula expert
- 1925 - Robert Rauschenberg, American painter and illustrator
- 1927 - Allan Hendrickse, South African minister and politician
- 1928 - Clare Fischer, American pianist, composer and arranger
- 1928 - Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1929 - Michael Birkett, 2nd Baron Birkett, English director and producer
- 1929 - Lev Yashin, Russian footballer
- 1930 - Estela de Carlotto, Argentine human rights activist
- 1930 - José Guardiola, Spanish singer
- 1931 - Ann Rule, American police officer and author
- 1933 - Carlos Alberto Sacheri, Argentine philosopher and martyr
- 1933 - Helmut Senekowitsch, Austrian footballer and manager
- 1934 - Donald McIntyre, New Zealand opera singer
- 1936 - John Blashford-Snell, English soldier, author, and explorer
- 1936 - Peter Cook, English architect and academic
- 1936 - Jovan Pavlović, Serbian metropolitan
- 1936 - Bobby Seale, American political activist and author, co-founder of the Black Panther Party
- 1937 - Alan Ladd Jr., American film producer and executive
- 1937 - José Larralde, Argentine singer-songwriter
- 1937 - Manos Loïzos, Egyptian-Greek composer
- 1938 - K. Indrapala, Sri Lankan historian and academic
- 1938 - Derek Jacobi, English actor
- 1938 - Christopher Lloyd, American actor, comedian and producer
- 1938 - César Luis Menotti, Argentine footballer and manager
- 1939 - Joaquim Chissano, Mozambican politician, 2nd President of Mozambique
- 1939 - George Cohen, English footballer
- 1939 - Tony Roberts, American actor and singer
- 1941 - Charles Keating, English-American actor
- 1942 - Bobby Fuller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1942 - Annette Funicello, American actress and singer
- 1942 - Pedro Morales, Puerto Rican wrestler
- 1943 - Allen Coage, American-Canadian wrestler and coach
- 1943 - Catherine E. Coulson, American actress
- 1943 - Jan de Bont, Dutch director, producer, and cinematographer
- 1943 - Catherine Deneuve, French actress and singer
- 1943 - Seif Sharif Hamad, Zanzibari politician, 2nd Chief Minister of Zanzibar
- 1945 - Eddie Brigati, American singer-songwriter
- 1945 - Yvan Ponton, Canadian actor and game show host
- 1945 - Sheila Sherwood, English long jumper
- 1945 - Michael Stoute, Barbadian-English horse trainer
- 1945 - Leslie West, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1946 - Claude Charron, Canadian educator and politician
- 1946 - Godfrey Chitalu, Zambian footballer
- 1946 - Deepak Chopra, Indian-American physician and author
- 1946 - Elizabeth Connell, South African mezzo-soprano
- 1946 - Kelvin MacKenzie, English journalist
- 1946 - Jaime Nebot, Ecuadorian politician
- 1947 - Raymond Bachand, Canadian lawyer and politician
- 1947 - Haley Barbour, American lawyer and politician, 62nd Governor of Mississippi
- 1947 - Adam Gondvi, Indian poet
- 1948 - Mike Hendrick, English cricketer, coach, and umpire
- 1948 - Debbie Macomber, American author
- 1949 - Stiv Bators, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
- 1949 - Vasilios Magginas, Greek politician, Greek Minister of Employment
- 1949 - Manfred Trojahn, German flute player, composer, and conductor
- 1949 - Arsène Wenger, French footballer and manager
- 1950 - Donald Ramotar, Guyanese politician, 8th President of Guyana
- 1952 - Julie Dash, American director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1952 - Jeff Goldblum, American actor and producer
- 1953 - René Arce Islas, Mexican politician
- 1954 - Graham Joyce, English author and educator
- 1955 - John Adam, Australian rugby league player
- 1956 - Alejandro Kuropatwa, Argentine photographer
- 1957 - Henry Lauterbach, German jumper
- 1957 - Daniel Melingo, Argentine musician
- 1958 - Bobby Blotzer, American drummer
- 1959 - Arto Salminen, Finnish journalist and author
- 1959 - Marc Shaiman, American composer and songwriter
- 1960 - Darryl Jenifer, American bass player
- 1960 - Cris Kirkwood, American singer-songwriter and bass player
- 1961 - Barbara Potter, American tennis player
- 1962 - Bob Odenkirk, American actor and comedian
- 1963 - Brian Boitano, American figure skater
- 1964 - Dražen Petrović, Croatian basketball player
- 1964 - TobyMac, American singer-songwriter and producer
- 1964 – Amit Shah, Indian politician, Minister of Home Affairs.
- 1965 - Sumito Estévez, Venezuelan chef
- 1965 - Valeria Golino, Italian actress
- 1965 - John Wesley Harding, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1965 - A. L. Kennedy, Scottish comedian, journalist, and author
- 1965 - Otis Smith, American football player and coach
- 1965 - Piotr Wiwczarek, Polish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
- 1966 - Yuri Arbachakov, Russian-Japanese boxer
- 1966 - Maelo Ruiz, New York City-born Puerto Rican Salsa romántica singer
- 1967 - Salvatore Di Vittorio, Italian composer and conductor
- 1967 - Oona King, Baroness King of Bow, British business executive and politician
- 1967 - Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier
- 1967 - Carlos Mencia, Honduran-American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter
- 1967 - Ron Tugnutt, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster
- 1968 - Stephanie Cutter, American lawyer and political consultant
- 1968 - Shelby Lynne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1968 - Stéphane Quintal, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1968 - Shaggy, Jamaican singer-songwriter and DJ
- 1969 - Julio Borges, Venezuelan politician
- 1969 - Héctor Carrasco, Dominican baseball player
- 1969 - Spike Jonze, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1969 - Helmut Lotti, Belgian singer-songwriter
- 1969 - Coque Malla, Spanish musician and actor
- 1970 - Winston Bogarde, Dutch footballer and manager
- 1970 - Javier Milei, Argentine politician and economist, President of Argentina
- 1971 - Amanda Coetzer, South African tennis player
- 1971 - Kornél Dávid, Hungarian basketball player
- 1971 - José Manuel Martínez, Spanish runner
- 1971 - Jennifer Lee, American filmmaker
- 1972 - Saffron Burrows, English-American actress
- 1973 - D'Lo Brown, American wrestler
- 1973 - Carmen Ejogo, English actress
- 1973 - Andrés Palop, Spanish footballer and manager
- 1973 - Ichiro Suzuki, Japanese baseball player
- 1973 - Mark van der Zijden, Dutch swimmer
- 1974 - Tim Kinsella, American singer-songwriter
- 1974 - Miroslav Šatan, Slovak ice hockey player
- 1975 - Martín Cardetti, Argentinian footballer and manager
- 1975 - Jesse Tyler Ferguson, American actor
- 1975 - Míchel Salgado, Spanish footballer
- 1976 - Luke Adams, Australian race walker
- 1978 - Chaswe Nsofwa, Zambian footballer
- 1978 - Owais Shah, Pakistani-English cricketer
- 1979 - Jannero Pargo, American basketball player and coach
- 1980 - Niall Breslin, Irish singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and footballer
- 1980 - Luke O'Donnell, Australian rugby league player
- 1981 - Michael Fishman, American actor and producer
- 1982 - Robinson Canó, Dominican baseball player
- 1982 - Heath Miller, American football player
- 1982 - Darren O'Day, American baseball player
- 1982 - Mark Renshaw, Australian cyclist
- 1983 - Byul, South Korean singer
- 1983 - Plan B, British singer and actor
- 1984 - Aleks Marić, Australian basketball player
- 1984 - Antti Pihlström, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1986 - Chancellor, South Korean-American musician
- 1986 - Kyle Gallner, American actor
- 1986 - Kara Lang, Canadian soccer player
- 1986 - Ștefan Radu, Romanian footballer
- 1987 - Tiki Gelana, Ethiopian runner
- 1987 - Donny Montell, Lithuanian singer-songwriter
- 1987 - Park Ha-sun, South Korean actress
- 1988 - Sarah Barrow, English diver
- 1988 - Parineeti Chopra, Indian actress
- 1988 - Corey Hawkins, American actor
- 1989 - JPEGMafia, American rapper and singer
- 1989 - Muhammad Wilkerson, American football player
- 1990 - Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor
- 1990 - David Savard, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1992 - 21 Savage, British-American rapper
- 1992 - Sofia Vassilieva, American actress
- 1993 - Charalambos Lykogiannis, Greek footballer
- 1994 - Corbin Burnes, American baseball player
- 1996 - B.I, South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter and producer
- 1996 - Johannes Høsflot Klæbo, Norwegian ski runner
- 1997 - Jan Köstering, German politician
- 1998 - Roddy Ricch, American rapper
- 1999 - Geraldo Perdomo, Dominican baseball player
- 2000 - Baby Keem, American rapper and record producer
- 2001 - Brian Branch, American football player
- 2001 - Jo Yu-ri, South Korean singer and actress