1633

January–March

• January 20 - Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague.
• February 6 - the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.
• February 9 - the Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance.
• February 13
• * Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
• * Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.
• March 1 - Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

April–June

• April 12 - Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.
• May 22 - Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.
• May 28 - Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.
• June 18 - Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.
• June 22 - the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.

July–September

• July 7 - the Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks its ally Zheng Zhilong's base by surprise, near Xiamen.
• July 8
• * Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf - Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf.
• * The Javanese calendar is commenced on this day by the order of Sultan Agung of the Mataram Sultanate. It is the Javanese adaptation of the Hijri calendar, but it continues the year numbering of the Shaka era widely used in Java then, thus the calendar's epoch is 1 Sura 1555 AJ, corresponding with 1 Muharram 1043 AH.
• August 6 - William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
• September 25 - King Louis XIII enters into Nancy, marking the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by France.
• September 26 - a group from the Plymouth Colony settles in Windsor, Connecticut, making it the first settlement in the state.

October–December

• October 17 - Thirty Years' War: Rheinfelden (1633)|Siege of Rheinfelden] - Spain recaptures Rheinfelden from Sweden.
• October 22 - Battle of Liaoluo Bay: A large Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy.
• November 11 - the Dutch expedition of Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, against Spanish pirates in Central America, ends after six months with van Hoorn's success.
• November 22 - commissioned by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore to transport 140 English colonists to the province of Maryland in America, The Ark and another ship, the Dove, depart Gravesend in England for the New World. Three days later, the two ships become separated by a storm in the English Channel, and the crew of The Ark assumes that the Dove sank.
• November 29 - The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24.
• December 9 - Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of Cartagena, crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies.

Date unknown

• The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.
• Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries.
• Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan issues the Sakoku Edict of 1635 outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme isolationism until 1853.
• St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.
• Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars.
• English colonists settle what will become the town of Hingham, Massachusetts.
• A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England.
• Trịnh–Nguyễn War: Trịnh Tráng launched an attack on Đàng Trong at the Nhật Lệ estuary. This was marked as the second clash in the civil war.