January 19

Events

Pre-1600

• 379 - Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to Augustus, and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
• 649 - Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender after a forty-day siege led by Tang dynasty general Ashina She'er, establishing Tang control over the northern Tarim Basin in Xinjiang.
• 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, completing his reconquest of Normandy.
• 1421 - John VIII Palaiologos marries Sophia of Montferrat and is then crowned Byzantine co-emperor to his father Manuel II Palaiologos.
• 1511 - The Italian Duchy of Mirandola surrenders to the Pope.
• 1520 - Sten Sture the Younger, the Regent of Sweden, is mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund and dies on February 3.

  1601–1900

• 1607 - San Agustin Church in Manila is officially completed; it is the oldest church still standing in the Philippines.
• 1639 - Hämeenlinna is granted privileges after it separated from the Vanaja parish as its own city in Tavastia.
• 1764 - John Wilkes is expelled from the British House of Commons for seditious libel.
• 1764 - Bolle Willum Luxdorph records in his diary that a mail bomb, possibly the world's first, has severely injured the Danish Colonel Poulsen, residing at Børglum Abbey.
• 1788 - The second group of ships of the First Fleet arrive at Botany Bay.
• 1795 - The Batavian Republic is proclaimed in the Netherlands, replacing the Dutch Republic.
• 1817 - An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, crosses the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru.
• 1829 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy receives its premiere performance.
• 1839 - The British East India Company captures Aden.
• 1853 - Giuseppe Verdi's opera Il trovatore receives its premiere performance in Rome.
• 1861 - American Civil War: Georgia joins South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama in declaring secession from the United States.
• 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Mill Springs: The Confederacy suffers its first significant defeat in the conflict.
• 1871 - Franco-Prussian War: In the Siege of Paris, Prussia wins the Battle of St. Quentin. Meanwhile, the French attempt to break the siege in the Battle of Buzenval will end unsuccessfully the following day.
• 1883 - The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires, built by Thomas Edison, begins service at Roselle, New Jersey.
• 1899 - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed.

  1901–present

• 1901 - Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, is stricken with paralysis. She dies three days later at the age of 81.
• 1915 - Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising.
• 1915 - German strategic bombing during World War I: German zeppelins bomb the towns of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn in the United Kingdom killing at least 20 people, in the first major aerial bombardment of a civilian target.
• 1917 - Silvertown explosion: A blast at a munitions factory in London kills 73 and injures over 400. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage.
• 1920 - The United States Senate votes against joining the League of Nations.
• 1920 - The American Civil Liberties Union is founded.
• 1937 - Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in seven hours, 28 minutes, 25 seconds.
• 1941 - World War II: and other escorts of convoy AS-12 sink Italian submarine with all hands northeast of Falkonera.
• 1942 - World War II: The Japanese conquest of Burma begins.
• 1945 - World War II: Soviet forces liberate the Łódź Ghetto. Of more than 200,000 inhabitants in 1940, fewer than 900 had survived the Nazi occupation.
• 1946 - General Douglas MacArthur establishes the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo to try Japanese war criminals.
• 1953 - Almost 72 percent of all television sets in the United States are tuned into I Love Lucy to watch Lucy give birth.
• 1960 - Japan and the United States sign the US–Japan Mutual Security Treaty
• 1960 - Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 871 crashes near Ankara Esenboğa Airport in Turkey, killing all 42 aboard.
• 1966 - Indira Gandhi becomes India's first female prime minister.
• 1969 - Student Jan Palach dies after setting himself on fire three days earlier in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest about the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union in 1968. His funeral turns into another major protest.
• 1977 - President Gerald Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino.
• 1978 - The last Volkswagen Beetle made in Germany leaves VW's plant in Emden. Beetle production in Latin America continues until 2003.
• 1981 - Iran hostage crisis: United States and Iranian officials sign an agreement to release 52 American hostages after 14 months of captivity.
• 1988 - Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286 crashes in Bayfield, Colorado, killing nine.
• 1990 - Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Kashmir Valley in Indian-administered Kashmir due to an insurgency.
• 1991 - Gulf War: Iraq fires a second Scud missile into Israel, causing 15 injuries.
• 1993 - Czech Republic and Slovakia join the United Nations.
• 1995 - After being struck by lightning the crew of Bristow Helicopters Flight 56C are forced to ditch. All 18 aboard are later rescued.
• 1996 - The barge North Cape oil spill occurs as an engine fire forces the tugboat Scandia ashore on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown, Rhode Island.
• 1997 - Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city.
• 1999 - British Aerospace agrees to acquire the defence subsidiary of the General Electric Company, forming BAE Systems in November 1999.
• 2006 - A Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crashes near Hejce, Hungary, killing 42.
• 2007 - Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink is assassinated in front of his newspaper's Istanbul office by 17-year-old Turkish ultra-nationalist Ogün Samast.
• 2007 - Four-man Team N2i, using only skis and kites, completes a trek to reach the Antarctic pole of inaccessibility for the first time since 1965 and for the first time ever without mechanical assistance.
• 2012 - The Hong Kong-based file-sharing website Megaupload is shut down by the FBI.
• 2014 - A bomb attack on an army convoy in the city of Bannu kills at least 26 Pakistani soldiers and injures 38 others.
• 2024 - The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's probe lands on the moon, making Japan the 5th country to land a spacecraft on the moon.
• 2025 - Bytedance and sister companies are banned from the United States for "security concerns".

  Births

Pre-1600

• 399 - Pulcheria, Byzantine empress and saint
• 1200 - Dōgen Zenji, founder of Sōtō Zen
• 1544 - Francis II of France

  1601–1900

• 1617 - Lucas Faydherbe, Flemish sculptor and architect
• 1628 - Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, English noble
• 1676 - John Weldon, English organist and composer
• 1721 - Jean-Philippe Baratier, German scholar and author
• 1736 - James Watt, Scottish chemist and engineer
• 1737 - Giuseppe Millico, Italian soprano, composer, and educator
• 1739 - Joseph Bonomi the Elder, Italian architect, designed Longford Hall and Barrells Hall
• 1752 - James Morris III, American captain
• 1757 - Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
• 1788 - Pavel Kiselyov, Russian general and politician
• 1790 - Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, Swedish poet and academic
• 1798 - Auguste Comte, French economist, sociologist, and philosopher
• 1803 - Sarah Helen Whitman, American poet, essayist, and romantic interest of Edgar Allan Poe
• 1807 - Robert E. Lee, American Confederate general
• 1808 - Lysander Spooner, American philosopher and author
• 1809 - Edgar Allan Poe, American short story writer, poet, and critic
• 1810 - Talhaiarn, Welsh poet and architect
• 1813 - Henry Bessemer, English engineer and businessman
• 1832 - Ferdinand Laub, Czech violinist and composer
• 1833 - Alfred Clebsch, German mathematician and academic
• 1839 - Paul Cézanne, French painter
• 1840 - Dethloff Willrodt, American Civil War veteran and politician
• 1848 - Arturo Graf, Italian poet, of German ancestry
• 1848 - John Fitzwilliam Stairs, Canadian businessman and politician
• 1848 - Matthew Webb, English swimmer and diver
• 1851 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer and academic
• 1852 - Thomas Price, Welsh-Australian politician, 24th Premier of South Australia
• 1863 - Werner Sombart, German economist and sociologist
• 1866 - Harry Davenport, American stage and film actor
• 1871 - Dame Gruev, Bulgarian educator and activist, co-founded the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
• 1874 - Hitachiyama Taniemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 19th Yokozuna
• 1876 - Wakashima Gonshirō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 21st Yokozuna
• 1876 - Dragotin Kette, Slovenian poet and author
• 1878 - Herbert Chapman, English footballer and manager
• 1879 - Boris Savinkov, Russian soldier and author
• 1882 - John Cain Sr., Australian politician, 34th Premier of Victoria
• 1883 - Hermann Abendroth, German conductor
• 1887 - Alexander Woollcott, American actor, playwright, and critic
• 1889 - Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Swiss painter and sculptor
• 1892 - Ólafur Thors, Icelandic lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Iceland
• 1893 - Magda Tagliaferro, Brazilian pianist and educator