July 10

Events

Pre-1600

• 138 - Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
• 420 - Having usurped the throne of Emperor Gong of Jin, Liu Yu proclaims himself Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty.
• 645 - Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka during a coup d'état at the imperial palace.
• 988 - The Norse King Glúniairn recognises Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland, and agrees to pay taxes and accept Brehon Law; the event is considered to be the founding of the city of Dublin.
• 1212 - The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.
• 1290 - Ladislaus IV, King of Hungary, is assassinated at the castle of Körösszeg.
• 1460 - Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, defeats the king's Lancastrian forces and takes King Henry VI prisoner in the Battle of Northampton.
• 1499 - The Portuguese explorer Nicolau Coelho returns to Lisbon after discovering the sea route to India as a companion of Vasco da Gama.
• 1512 - The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre commences with the capture of Goizueta.
• 1519 - Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, beginning the Prince of Ning rebellion, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
• 1553 - Lady Jane Grey takes the throne of England.
• 1584 - William I of Orange is assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland, by Balthasar Gérard.

  1601–1900

• 1645 - English Civil War: The Battle of Langport takes place.
• 1668 - Anglo-Spanish War : Notable Buccaneer Henry Morgan with an English Privateer force lands at Porto Bello in an attempt to capture the fortified and lucrative Spanish city.
• 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
• 1789 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Mackenzie River delta.
• 1806 - The Vellore Mutiny is the first instance of a mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.
• 1832 - U.S. President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
• 1850 - U.S. President Millard Fillmore is sworn in, a day after becoming president upon Zachary Taylor's death.
• 1877 - The then-villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of Spain.
• 1882 - War of the Pacific: Chile suffers its last military defeat in the Battle of La Concepción when a garrison of 77 men is annihilated by a 1,300-strong Peruvian force, many of them armed with spears.
• 1883 - War of the Pacific: Chileans led by Alejandro Gorostiaga defeat Andrés Avelino Cáceres's Peruvian army at the Battle of Huamachuco, hastening the end of the war.
• 1890 - Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.

  1901–present

• 1920 - Arthur Meighen becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
• 1921 - Belfast's Bloody Sunday occurs with 20 killings, at least 100 wounded and 200 homes destroyed during rioting and gun battles in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
• 1924 - Paavo Nurmi wins the 1,500 m and 5,000 m events at the Paris Olympics, with just an hour between the two races.
• 1925 - Scopes trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins of John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of the Butler Act.
• 1927 - Kevin O'Higgins TD, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, is assassinated by the IRA.
• 1938 - Howard Hughes begins a 91-hour airplane flight around the world that will set a new record.
• 1940 - World War II: The Vichy government is established in France.
• 1940 - World War II: Six days before Adolf Hitler issues his Directive 16 to the combined Wehrmacht armed forces for Operation Sea Lion, the Kanalkampf shipping attacks begin against British maritime convoys in the leadup to initiating the Battle of Britain.
• 1941 - Jedwabne pogrom: Massacre of Polish Jews living in and near the village of Jedwabne.
• 1942 - World War II: An American pilot spots a downed, intact Mitsubishi A6M Zero on Akutan Island, which the US Navy then uses to learn the aircraft's flight characteristics.
• 1943 - World War II: Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, begins.
• 1947 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah is recommended as the first Governor-General of Pakistan by the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.
• 1951 - Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.
• 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
• 1966 - The Chicago Freedom Movement, co-founded by Martin Luther King Jr., holds a rally at Soldier Field in Chicago; as many as 60,000 people attend.
• 1967 - New Zealand decimalises its former currency to the modern-day New Zealand dollar.
• 1973 - The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.
• 1974 - An EgyptAir Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes at Cairo International Airport, killing all six people on board.
• 1976 - Four mercenaries are executed in Angola following the Luanda Trial.
• 1978 - President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania is ousted in a bloodless coup d'état.
• 1985 - The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira.
• 1985 - An Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-154 stalls and crashes near Uchkuduk, Uzbekistan, killing all 200 people on board in the USSR's worst-ever airline disaster.
• 1991 - The South African cricket team is readmitted into the International Cricket Council following the end of Apartheid.
• 1991 - Boris Yeltsin takes office as the first elected President of Russia.
• 1991 - A Beechcraft Model 99 crashes near Birmingham Municipal Airport in Birmingham, Alabama, killing 13 of the 15 people on board.
• 1992 - In Miami, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
• 1995 - Burmese politician Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest.
• 1995 - The NIOSH air filtration ratings update with the enactment of 42 CFR 84, previously published in the Federal Register. The new regulation includes rules governing the new N95 respirator standard.
• 1997 - In London, scientists report the findings of the DNA analysis of a Neanderthal skeleton which supports the "out of Africa theory" of human evolution, placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
• 1997 - Miguel Ángel Blanco, a member of Partido Popular, is kidnapped in the Basque city of Ermua by ETA members, sparking widespread protests.
• 1998 - Catholic Church sexual abuse cases: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claim they were sexually abused by Rudolph Kos, a former priest.
• 1999 - In women's association football, the United States defeats China in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl near Los Angeles to win the final match of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. Watched by 90,185 spectators, the final sets a new world record for attendance at a women's sporting event.
• 2000 - EADS, the world's second-largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
• 2000 - Bashar al-Assad succeeds his father Hafez al-Assad as President of Syria.
• 2002 - The Massacre of the Innocents, a painting by Peter Paul Rubens, is sold at a Sotheby's auction for £49.5 million to Lord Thomson.
• 2006 - A Pakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Multan International Airport, killing all 45 people on board.
• 2007 - Erden Eruç begins the first solo human-powered circumnavigation of the world.
• 2008 - Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all war-crimes charges by a United Nations tribunal.
• 2011 - Russian cruise ship Bulgaria sinks in the Volga River near Syukeyevo, Tatarstan, causing 122 deaths.
• 2011 - Amid widespread backlash to revelations of phone hacking, the British weekly tabloid newspaper News of the World publishes its final issue and shuts down after nearly 168 years in print.
• 2012 - The Episcopal Church USA allows same-sex marriage.
• 2016 - Portugal defeats France in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final to win their first European title.
• 2017 - Iraqi Civil War: Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant by the government of Iraq.
• 2018 - Tham Luang cave rescue: A group of Thai school children and their football coach are all rescued from a cave after being stuck there for 18 days; one Thai Navy SEAL diver dies during the rescue mission.
• 2019 - The final Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the line in Puebla, Mexico; the last of 5,961 "Special Edition" cars will be exhibited in a museum.

  Births

Pre-1600

• 1419 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan
• 1451 - James III of Scotland
• 1501 - Cho Sik, Korean poet and scholar
• 1509 - John Calvin, French pastor and theologian
• 1515 - Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru
• 1517 - Odet de Coligny, French cardinal
• 1533 - Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat
• 1592 - Pierre d'Hozier, French genealogist and historian

  1601–1900

• 1614 - Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, Irish-English politician
• 1625 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer
• 1638 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter
• 1666 - John Ernest Grabe, German theologian and academic
• 1682 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician and astronomer
• 1723 - William Blackstone, English lawyer, judge, and politician
• 1724 - Eva Ekeblad, Swedish noble and agronomist
• 1752 - David Humphreys, American Revolutionary War colonel, politician, foreign minister and entrepreneur.
• 1752 - St. George Tucker, United States federal judge
• 1792 - George M. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 11th Vice President of the United States
• 1802 - Robert Chambers, Scottish geologist and publisher, co-founded Chambers Harrap
• 1802 - Alfred Ronalds, British fly fishing author, artisan and Australian pioneer
• 1804 - Emma Smith, American religious leader
• 1809 - Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist and palaeontologist
• 1823 - Louis-Napoléon Casault, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician
• 1830 - Camille Pissarro, Danish-French painter
• 1832 - Alvan Graham Clark, American astronomer
• 1835 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer
• 1839 - Adolphus Busch, German brewer, co-founded Anheuser-Busch
• 1856 - Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American electrical and mechanical engineer
• 1864 - Austin Chapman, Australian businessman and politician, 4th Australian Minister for Defence
• 1867 - Prince Maximilian of Baden
• 1871 - Marcel Proust, French novelist, critic, and essayist
• 1874 - Sergey Konenkov, Russian sculptor
• 1875 - Mary McLeod Bethune, American educator and activist
• 1875 - Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám, Hungarian politician
• 1877 - Ernst Bresslau, German zoologist
• 1878 - Otto Freundlich, German painter and sculptor
• 1882 - Ima Hogg, American society leader, philanthropist, patron and collector of the arts
• 1883 - Johannes Blaskowitz, German general
• 1883 - Hugo Raudsepp, Estonian playwright and politician
• 1888 - Giorgio de Chirico, Greek-Italian painter and set designer
• 1888 - Toyohiko Kagawa, Japanese evangelist, author, and activist
• 1891 - Edith Quimby, American medical researcher and physicist
• 1894 - Jimmy McHugh, American composer
• 1895 - Carl Orff, German composer and educator
• 1896 - Thérèse Casgrain, Canadian politician
• 1897 - Legs Diamond, American gangster
• 1897 - Karl Plagge, German general and engineer
• 1898 - Renée Björling, Swedish actress
• 1899 - John Gilbert, American actor, director, and screenwriter
• 1899 - Heiri Suter, Swiss cyclist
• 1900 - Mitchell Parish, Lithuanian-American songwriter
• 1900 - Sampson Sievers, Russian monk and mystic