1534
Year 1534 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
- January 15 - The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.
- February 23 - A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
- March 10 - The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies, hereditary titles similar to duchies.
- March 30 - The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring submission of the clergy, that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.
April–June
- April 5 - Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.
- April 13 - Sir Thomas More, having been brought before a royal commission to swear his allegiance to the Act of Succession, testifies that he accepts Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but denies that the marriage is spiritually valid of the king's second marriage". Holding fast to the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, More refuses to take the oath of supremacy toward King Henry VIII. More is confined in the Tower of London. He will be executed on July 6, 1535.
- May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
- June 9 - Jacques Cartier and his crew become the first Europeans to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence.
- June 23 - Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck, nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.
- June 29 - Jacques Cartier discovers Prince Edward Island.
July–September
- July 4 - The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.
- July 7 - The first known exchange between Europeans and the natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence occurs in what is now New Brunswick.
- July 20 - Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.
- August 15 - Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Jesuits, in Montmartre, near Paris.
- August 26 - Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
- September 24- The first of Brazil's capitancias, the Capitancy of Pernambuco, is established for Pernambuco.
October–December
- October 4 - As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament including the deuterocanonical books to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.
- October 13 - Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is elected as the 220th pope of the Roman Catholic Church after a two-day conclave to find a successor for Pope Clement VII, who had died on September 25. Farnese, the Bishop of Ostia, takes the name Pope Paul III and is crowned on November 3.
- October 18 - Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction.
- November 3- The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.
- December 4 - The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.
- December 6 - Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.
Date unknown
- Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa.
- Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.
- The first book in Yiddish is printed, Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.