Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas


Historically, classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions. Peoples can also be classified by genetics, technology, and social structure.

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico

In the United States and Canada, ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas. Greenland is part of the Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the [|Northeastern Woodlands].

Arctic

Subarctic

Pacific Northwest coast

Of the Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast, it is widely agreed upon by scholars that that the area north of the Haisla represents a cultural subarea, called the "Northern" or "Northern Maritime" area. However, south of this, there is a deal of disagreement on the existence of any subareas, especially south of Vancouver Island. For the purposes of organization, south of the Northern subarea, tribes are grouped by language family.
Northern subarea
Wakashan
Nuxalk
Coast Salish peoples
Northern Coast Salish
Central Coast Salish
Southern Coast Salish
Southwestern Coast Salish
Chimakuan
Chinookans
Oregon Salish
Alseans
Siuslawans
Coosans
Kalapuyans
Athabaskans

Northwest Plateau

Great Plains

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes.

Eastern Woodlands

Northeastern Woodlands

Southeastern Woodlands

Most of these no longer exist as tribes.
  • Acolapissa, Louisiana and Mississippi
  • Ais, eastern coastal Florida
  • Alafay, Florida
  • Amacano, Florida west coast
  • Apalachee, northwestern Florida
  • Atakapa, Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast
  • * Akokisa, Texas southeast coast
  • * Bidai, Texas southeast coast
  • * Deadose, eastern Texas
  • * Eastern Atakapa, western coastal Louisiana
  • * Orcoquiza, southeast Texas
  • * Patiri, eastern Texas
  • * Tlacopsel, southeast Texas
  • Avoyel, Louisiana
  • Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana
  • Biloxi, formerly Mississippi, currently Louisiana
  • Caddo Confederacy, formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, currently Oklahoma
  • * Adai, Louisiana and Texas
  • * Cahinnio, southern Arkansas
  • * Doustioni, north central Louisiana
  • * Eyeish, eastern Texas
  • * Hainai, eastern Texas
  • * Hasinai, eastern Texas
  • * Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana
  • * Nabedache, eastern Texas
  • * Nabiti, eastern Texas
  • * Nacogdoche, eastern Texas
  • * Nacono, eastern Texas
  • * Nadaco, eastern Texas
  • * Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas
  • * Nasoni, eastern Texas
  • * Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas
  • * Neche, eastern Texas
  • * Nechaui, eastern Texas
  • * Ouachita, northern Louisiana
  • * Tula, western Arkansas
  • * Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana
  • Calusa, southwestern Florida
  • Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast
  • Capinan, Mississippi
  • Catawba, North Carolina, currently South Carolina
  • Chacato, Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana
  • Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi, merged into Chickasaw, currently Oklahoma
  • Chawasha, Louisiana
  • Cheraw, North Carolina
  • Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma
  • Chickanee, North Carolina
  • Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi, currently Oklahoma
  • Chicora, coastal South Carolina
  • Chine, Florida
  • Chisca, southwestern Virginia later in Florida
  • Chitimacha, currently Louisiana
  • Choctaw, formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi, Louisiana, and Oklahoma
  • Chowanoc, North Carolina
  • Congaree, South Carolina
  • Coree, North Carolina
  • Croatan, North Carolina
  • Cusabo, coastal South Carolina
  • Eno, North Carolina
  • Grigra, Mississippi
  • Guacata, eastern coastal Florida
  • Guacozo, Florida
  • Guale, coastal Georgia
  • Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast
  • Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi
  • Jaega, eastern coastal Florida
  • Jaupin, North Carolina
  • Jororo, Florida interior
  • Keyauwee, North Carolina
  • Koasati, formerly eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
  • Koroa, Mississippi
  • Luca, southwestern Florida coast
  • Lumbee, currently North Carolina
  • Machapunga, North Carolina
  • Matecumbe, Florida Keys
  • Mayaca, Florida
  • Mayaimi, interior Florida
  • Mayajuaca, Florida
  • Mikasuki, currently Florida
  • Mobila, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
  • Mocoso, western Florida
  • Mougoulacha, Mississippi
  • Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama
  • * Abihka, Alabama, currently Oklahoma
  • * Alabama, formerly Alabama, southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi, currently Oklahoma and Texas
  • ** Pakana, central Alabama, later Texas
  • * Apalachicola Province,, Alabama and Georgia
  • ** Apalachicola, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina
  • ** Hitchiti, Alabama and Georgia
  • ** Oconee, Alabama and Georgia
  • ** Sabacola, Alabama and Georgia
  • * Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
  • * Eufaula tribe, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
  • * Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, currently Oklahoma
  • * Osochee, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
  • * Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama
  • * Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
  • * Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama
  • Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
  • Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi currently Oklahoma
  • Neusiok, North Carolina
  • Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE
  • Mosopelea, Arkansas and Mississippi, eastern Tennessee, currently Louisiana
  • Okchai, central Alabama
  • Okelousa, Louisiana
  • Opelousas, Louisiana
  • Pacara, Florida
  • Pamlico, North Carolina
  • Pascagoula, Mississippi coast
  • Pee Dee, South Carolina and North Carolina
  • Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama
  • Potoskeet, North Carolina
  • Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi
  • Roanoke, North Carolina
  • Saluda, South Carolina
  • Santee, South Carolina, South Carolina
  • Santa Luces, Florida
  • Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia, later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario
  • Saura, North Carolina
  • Saxapahaw, North Carolina
  • Secotan, North Carolina
  • Seminole, currently Florida and Oklahoma
  • Sewee, South Carolina coast
  • Shakori, North Carolina
  • Shoccoree, North Carolina, possibly Virginia
  • Sissipahaw, North Carolina
  • Sugeree, North Carolina and South Carolina
  • Surruque, east-central Florida
  • Suteree, North Carolina
  • Taensa, Mississippi
  • Taposa, Mississippi
  • Tawasa, Alabama
  • Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida
  • Timucua, Florida and Georgia
  • * Acuera, central Florida
  • * Agua Fresca, interior northeast Florida
  • * Arapaha, north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?
  • * Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Icafui, coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Mocama, coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Northern Utina north-central Florida
  • * Ocale, central Florida
  • * Oconi, interior southeast Georgia
  • * Potano, north-central Florida
  • * Saturiwa, northeast Florida
  • * Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Tucururu, Florida
  • * Utina, northeast-central Florida
  • * Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Yui, coastal southeast Georgia
  • * Yustaga, north-central Florida
  • Taposa, Mississippi
  • Tiou, Mississippi
  • Tocaste, Florida
  • Tocobaga, Florida
  • Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama
  • Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
  • Topachula, Florida
  • Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi, currently Louisiana
  • Utiza, Florida
  • Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida
  • Vicela, Florida
  • Viscaynos, Florida
  • Waccamaw, North Carolina, South Carolina
  • Wateree, North Carolina
  • Waxhaw, North Carolina and South Carolina
  • Westo, Virginia and South Carolina, extinct
  • Winyah, South Carolina coast
  • Woccon, North Carolina
  • Yamasee, Florida, Georgia
  • Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi
  • Yuchi, central Tennessee, later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma

Great Basin

California

Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.

Southwest

This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora

Mexico and Mesoamerica

The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.

Aridoamerica

Mesoamerica

Circum-Caribbean

Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.

Caribbean

Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.

Central America

The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.

Colombia and Venezuela

The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.
  • Abibe, northwestern Colombia
  • Aburrá, central Colombia
  • Achagua, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
  • Agual, western Colombia
  • Amaní, central Colombia
  • Ancerma, western Colombia
  • Andaqui, Huila Department, Colombia
  • Andoque, Andoke, southeastern Colombia
  • Antiochia, Colombia
  • Arbi, western Colombia
  • Arma, western Colombia
  • Atunceta, western Colombia
  • Auracana, northeastern Colombia
  • Buriticá, western Colombia
  • Caquetio, western Venezuela
  • Calamari, northwestern Colombia
  • Calima culture, western Colombia, 200 BCE–400 CE
  • Caramanta, western Columbia
  • Carate, northeastern Colombia
  • Carare, northeastern Colombia
  • Carex, northwestern Colombia
  • Cari, western Colombia
  • Carrapa, western Colombia
  • Cartama, western Colombia
  • Cauca, western Colombia
  • Corbago, northeastern Colombia
  • Cosina, northeastern Colombia
  • Catio, northwestern Colombia
  • Cenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Cenufaná, northwestern Colombia
  • Chanco, western Colombia
  • Coanoa, northeastern Colombia
  • Cuiba, east Colombia west Venezuela
  • Cuica, western Venezuela
  • Cumanagoto, eastern Venezuela
  • Evéjito, western Colombia
  • Fincenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Gorrón, western Colombia
  • Guahibo, eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela
  • Guambía, western Colombia
  • Guanes, Colombia, pre-Columbian culture
  • Guanebucan, northeastern Colombia
  • Guazuzú, northwestern Colombia
  • Hiwi, western Colombia, eastern Venezuela
  • Jamundí, western Colombia
  • Kari'ña, eastern Venezuela
  • Kogi, northern Colombia
  • Lile, western Colombia
  • Lache, central Colombia
  • Mariche, central Venezuela
  • Mompox, northwestern Colombia
  • Motilone, northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela
  • Naura, central Colombia
  • Nauracota, central Colombia
  • Noanamá, northwestern Colombia and Panama
  • Nutabé, northwestern Colombia
  • Opón, northeastern Colombia
  • Pacabueye, northwestern Colombia
  • Pancenú, northwestern Colombia
  • Patángoro, central Colombia
  • Paucura, western Colombia
  • Pemed, northwestern Colombia
  • Pequi people, western Colombia
  • Picara people, western Colombia
  • Pozo, western Colombia
  • Pumé, Venezuela
  • Quimbaya, central Colombia, 4th–7th centuries CE
  • Quinchia, western Colombia
  • Sutagao, central Colombian
  • Tahamí, northwestern Colombia
  • Tairona, northern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 1st–11th centuries CE
  • Tamalameque, northwestern Colombia
  • Mariche, central Venezuela
  • Timba, western Colombia
  • Timote, western Venezuela
  • Tinigua, Caquetá Department, Colombia
  • Tolú, northwestern Colombia
  • Toro, western Colombia
  • Tupe, northeastern Colombia
  • Turbaco people, northwestern Colombia
  • Urabá, northwestern Colombia
  • Urezo, northwestern Colombia
  • U'wa, eastern Colombia, western Venezuela
  • Waikerí, eastern Venezuela
  • Wayuu, northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
  • Wirö, western Venezuela and northeastern Colombia
  • Xiriguana, northeastern Colombia
  • Yamicí, northwestern Colombia
  • Yapel, northwestern Colombia
  • Yarigui, northeastern Colombia
  • Yukpa, Yuko, northeastern Colombia
  • Zamyrua, northeastern Colombia
  • Zendagua, northwestern Colombia
  • Zenú, northwestern Colombia, pre-Columbian culture, 200 BCE–1600 CE
  • Zopia, western Colombia

Guianas

This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil.

Eastern Brazil

This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil

Andes

Pacific lowlands

Amazon

Northwestern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru.

Eastern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil.

Southern Amazon

This region includes southern Brazil and Eastern Bolivia.

Southwestern Amazon

This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia.

Gran Chaco

Southern Cone

Fjords and channels of Patagonia

Languages

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.

Writing

Before European contact:
After European contact, some distinct writing systems have been used for Indigenous languages:

Genetic classification

The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA). Y-DNA, like, differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied. The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas. The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations.
Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Alaska Native populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.

Empires

Arising before European contact:
Comancheria has also been described by some scholars as a Native American empire which arose after European contact.

Civilizations

These complex societies developed cities before European contact.

Technological and social periods

The Andes, Mesoamerica, and eastern North America are considered centers that independently developed agriculture, a process known globally as the Neolithic Revolution.
The technological and social development of pre-Columbian cultures are conventionally classified into five archaeological stages:
In North America, the later stages are grouped instead into the Woodland period and Mississippian culture.
Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America included for some cultures equivalents to Eurasian Copper Age and Bronze Age technology:
The Iron Age in Eurasia is defined by the production of iron tools via smelting; iron smelting was never developed natively in the Americas. Unsmelted iron was used Andeana and Mesoamerican cultures for mirrors, decorative and ceremonial items, starting fires, and small hammers. Iron magnets were apparently used by the Olmec and Chavin to align monuments. Smelted iron from shipwrecked East Asian vessels was used in the Pacific Northwest before European contact.