Wakashan languages


Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island, and in the northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, on the south side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
As is typical of the Northwest Coast, Wakashan languages have large consonant inventories—the consonants often occurring in complex clusters.

Classification

Family division

The Wakashan language family consists of seven languages:
  • Wakashan
  • * Northern Wakashan languages
  • ** Haisla – about 200 speakers
  • *** C̓imo'c̓a/Cʼimaucʼa - X̄a'islak̓ala dialect
  • *** Gitlo'p - X̄enaksialak̓ala dialect
  • ** Kwak'wala – 235 speakers
  • *** Northern Kwakiutl or Kwak'wala
  • **** G̱ut̕sala / G̱uc̓ala / Quatsino Sound dialect
  • **** Kwak̕wala / Kwaḵ̓wala dialect
  • **** 'Nak̕wala / Bak̓wa̱mk̓ala dialect
  • ***** Gwa’cala subdialect
  • ***** ‘Na‘kwala subdialect
  • **** T̕łat̕łasik̕wala / Nahwitti dialect
  • *** Southern Kwakiutl
  • **** Lekwala / Liq̓ʷala / Lekwiltok dialect
  • ** Heiltsuk-Oowekyala – about 200 speakers
  • *** Heiltsuk dialect
  • **** Haíɫzaqv/Híɫzaqvḷa or Bella Bella subdialect
  • **** X̌íx̌íc̓ala/Haihais or Klemtu subdialect
  • *** Oowekyala dialect or ’Wuik̓ala dialect
  • * Southern Wakashan languages
  • ** Nuu-chah-nulth – 510 speakers
  • ** Nitinaht or Ditidaqiic̓aq Cicqiʔ, located in southwestern Vancouver Island – 30 speakers
  • *** Ditidaqiic̓aq Cicqiʔ or DiiɁdiitidq/Diidiitidq dialect
  • *** Pacheedaht dialect
  • *** Ts'uubaa-asatx dialect
  • ** Makah – Last fluent speaker, where it was their first language, died in 2002
  • *** Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq/Q'widishch'a:'tx or Makah dialect

    Possible relations to external language families

As first proposed by Edward Sapir and Leo J. Frachtenberg, and later elaborated by Morris Swadesh, the Wakashan languages were grouped together with Salishan and Chimakuan languages in a "Mosan" macrofamily. This proposed macrofamily is now generally rejected as a genealogical grouping. Structural similarities and shared vocabulary are best explained as the result of continuous intensive contact; the Mosan languages thus represent a sprachbund within the wider Pacific Northwest typological area.
In the 1960s, Swadesh also suggested a connection of the Wakashan languages with the Eskimo–Aleut languages. This was picked up and expanded by Holst.
Sergei Nikolaev has argued in two papers for a systematic relationship between the Nivkh language of Sakhalin island and the Amur river basin and the Algic languages, and a secondary relationship between these two together and the Wakashan languages.

Name and contact

The name Wakesh or Waukash originates from the Nuu-chah-nulth word for 'good'. It was used by early explorers including Captain James Cook, who thought it to be the tribal appellation.
Juan de Fuca was probably the first European to meet Wakashan-speaking peoples, and Juan Perez visited the Nuu-chah-nulth people in 1774. After 1786, English mariners frequently sailed to Nootka Sound; in 1803, the crew of the American ship Boston were almost all killed by the local natives.
In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post at Victoria. European-Canadians had regular contact with the First Nations after that time. There were dramatic population losses in the early 20th century due to smallpox epidemics, social disruption, and alcoholism. In 1903 the Aboriginals numbered about 5200, of whom 2600 were in the West Coast Agency, 1300 in the Kwawkewlth Agency, 900 in the North West Coast Agency, and 410 at Neah Bay Company, Cape Flattery. In 1909 they numbered 4584, including 2070 Kwakiutl and 2494 Nootka. Roman Catholic missionaries were active in the region.
The name "Wakish Nation" is featured in Arrowsmith's Oregon Dispute-era map as the name for Vancouver Island.