List of office-holders in India

The List of office-holders in India is a list of heads of government of states which exercised control over India, including colonial governments, from the time of the Sultanate of Delhi through to today.

List of rulers of Sultans of Delhi

Sultans of Delhi were the rulers of the Muslim empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the subcontinent during the period of Medieval India, for 320 years. Following the conquest of South Asia by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty, and the Lodi dynasty. It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
This list contains the rulers of Delhi Sultanate in chronological order.

Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)

S/N	Name of ruler	Birth Date	Death Date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
1	Qutbuddin Aibak	1150	14 November 1210	25 June 1206	14 November 1210
2	Aram Shah	unknown	June 1211	December 1210	June 1211	Son of Aibak
3	Iltutmish	unknown	30 April 1236	June 1211	30 April 1236	Son-in-law of Aibak
4	Ruknuddin Firuz	unknown	19 November 1236	April/May 1236	November 1236	Son of Iltutmish
5	Razia Sultan	unknown	15 October 1240	November 1236	20 April 1240	Daughter of Iltutmish
6	Muiz ud din Bahram	9 July 1212	15 May 1242	May 1240	15 May 1242	Son of Iltutmish
7	Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah	unknown	10 June 1246	May 1242	10 June 1246	Son of Ruknuddin Firuz
8	Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah	1229 or 1230	18 February 1266	10 June 1246	18 February 1266	Grandson of Iltutmish
9	Ghiyas ud din Balban	1216	1287	February 1266	1287	Turkish noble in the court of Iltutmish
10	Muiz ud din Qaiqabad	1269	1 February 1290	1287	1 February 1290	Grandson of Balban
11	Shamsuddin Kayumars	1285/1287	13 June 1290	1 February 1290	13 June 1290	Son of Qaiqabad

Khalji/Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
12	Jalal-ud-din Khalji	1220	19 July 1296	13 June 1290	19 July 1296
–	Ruknuddin Ibrahim	unknown	after 1296	July 1296	November 1296	Son of Jalal-ud-din Khalji. He ruled for a short time, not always indicating his names on the lists.
13	Alauddin Khalji	c. 1266	4 January 1316	November 1296	4 January 1316	Nephew of Jalal-ud-din Khalji
14	Shihabuddin Omar	1310 or 1311	April 1316	5 January 1316	April 1316	Son of Alauddin Khalji
15	Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah	1299	9 July 1320	14 April 1316	1 May 1320	Son of Alauddin Khalji

Outside of the dynasties (1320)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
16	Khusrau Khan	unknown	1320	10 July 1320	5 September 1320	He ruled for a short time, not founding a dynasty.

Tughluq dynasty (1320–1414)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
17	Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq	unknown	1 February 1325	8 September 1320	1 February 1325
18	Muhammad bin Tughluq	c. 1290	20 March 1351	1 February 1325	20 March 1351	Son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
19	Firuz Shah Tughlaq	1309	20 September 1388	23 March 1351	20 September 1388	Son-in-law of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
20	Tughluq Khan	unknown	14 March 1389	20 September 1388	14 March 1389	Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
21	Abu Bakr Shah	unknown	after 1390	15 March 1389	August 1390	Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
22	Muhammad Shah III	unknown	20 January 1394	31 August 1390	20 January 1394	Son of Firuz Shah Tughlaq
23	Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah	unknown	8 March 1394	22 January 1394	8 March 1394	Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
24	Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq	unknown	February 1413	March 1394	February 1413	Son of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III
–	Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq	unknown	1398 or 1399	January 1395	1398 or 1399	Brother of Tughluq Khan. Mahmud Shah's anti-king, claimant to the throne, sub-ruler.

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
25	Khizr Khan	unknown	20 May 1421	28 May 1414	20 May 1421
26	Mubarak Shah	unknown	19 February 1434	21 May 1421	19 February 1434	Son of Khizr Khan
27	Muhammad Shah	unknown	January 1445	February 1434	January 1445	Grandson of Khizr Khan
28	Alam Shah	unknown	July 1478	January 1445	19 April 1451	Son of Muhammad Shah

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)

S/N	Name	Birth date	Death date	Beginning of reign	End of reign	Notes
29	Bahlul Lodi	1420	12 July 1489	19 April 1451	12 July 1489
30	Sikandar Lodi	17 July 1458	21 November 1517	17 July 1489	21 November 1517	Son of Bahlul Lodi
31	Ibrahim Lodi	1480	21 April 1526	November 1517	21 April 1526	Son of Sikandar Lodi

List of Mughal Emperors

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.

Portrait	Titular Name	Birth Name	Birth	Reign	Death
1	Babur	Zahir Ud-Din Muhammad Ghazi	14 February 1483 Andijan, Uzbekistan	20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530	26 December 1530 Agra, India
2	Humayun	Nasir Ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan	6 March 1508 Kabul, Afghanistan	26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556	27 January 1556 Delhi, India
3	Akbar	Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad	15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan	11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605	27 October 1605 Agra, India
4	Jahangir	Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim	31 August 1569 Agra, India	3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627	28 October 1627 Jammu and Kashmir, India
5	Shah Jahan	Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram	5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658	22 January 1666 Agra, India
6	Aurangzeb Alamgir	Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad	3 November 1618 Gujarat, India	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707	3 March 1707 Ahmednagar, India
7	Azam Shah	Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad	28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India	14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707	20 June 1707 Agra, India
8	Bahadur Shah Shah Alam	Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam	14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712	27 February 1712 Lahore, Pakistan
9	Jahandar Shah	Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur	9 May 1661 Deccan, India	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713	12 February 1713 Delhi, India
10	Farrukhsiyar	Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719	19 April 1719 Delhi, India
11	Rafi ud-Darajat	Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	1 December 1699	28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719	6 June 1719 Agra, India
12	Shah Jahan II	Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	5 January 1696	6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719	18 September 1719 Agra, India
13	Muhammad Shah	Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha	7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748	26 April 1748 Delhi, India
14	Ahmad Shah Bahadur	Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi	23 December 1725 Delhi, India	29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754	1 January 1775 Delhi, India
15	Alamgir II	Aziz Ud-Din Muhammad	6 June 1699 Burhanpur, India	3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759	29 November 1759 Kotla Fateh Shah, India
16	Shah Jahan III	Muhi Ul-Millat	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760	1772
17	Shah Alam II	Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788	19 November 1806 Delhi, India
18	Shah Jahan IV	Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah	1749 Delhi, India	31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788	1790 Delhi, India
19	Shah Alam II	Abdu'llah Jalal ud-din Abu'l Muzaffar Ham ud-din Muhammad 'Mirza Ali Gauhar Puppet King under the Maratha Empire	25 June 1728 Delhi, India	16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806	19 November 1806 Delhi, India
20	Akbar Shah II	Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi Puppet King under the East India Company	22 April 1760 Mukundpur, India	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837	28 September 1837 Delhi, India
21	Bahadur Shah II Zafar	Abu Zafar Siraj Ud-Din Muhammad	24 October 1775 Delhi, India	28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857	7 November 1862 Rangoon, Myanmar

List of title-holders Emperor of India

Portrait	Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Consort	Imperial Durbar	Royal House
	Victoria	24 May 1819	1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901	22 January 1901	None	1 January 1877	Hanover
		9 November 1841	22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910	6 May 1910	Alexandra of Denmark	1 January 1903	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
	George V	3 June 1865	6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936	20 January 1936	Mary of Teck	12 December 1911	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Windsor
		23 June 1894	20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936	28 May 1972	None	None	Windsor
	George VI	14 December 1895	11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947	6 February 1952	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	None	Windsor

List of vice presidents of India

;Key
^†-Died in office
^⸸-Resigned

List of presidents of the Board of Control

Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby took up the new post of Secretary of State for India on 2 August 1858, upon the establishment of the British Raj.

Vakil-i-Mutlaq

The Vakil-i-Mutlaq, variously translated as the Lieutenant Plenipotentiary, the Regent Plenipotentiary, the Vicegerent or the Imperial Regent, was an important office in the Government of the Mughal Empire, first in ministerial hierarchy and only next to Mughal Emperor. Vekil is an Arabic word which means "representative". The Vakil was considered as the Emperor's lieutenant in all matters connected with the realm and household. From the reign of Emperor Babur to Emperor Shah Jahan, the title of grand vizier was also given to the Vakil. But afterwards it remained only as dignitary post.
The degree of powers of the Vakil's office varied from era to era. However the Vakil required Emperor's approval in each and every decision. During the era of Babur and Humayun, he had the powers of prime minister while early in the reign of Akbar, Vakil Bairam Khan acted as regent and ruled on the behalf of Emperor. Bairam Khan had his own Vakil-i-Mutlaq, who in this case was a general manager. This position was held by Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani and when he was temporarily dismissed, given to Haji Muhammad Sistani. In 1564, Akbar revived the office of Vakil and didn't give him the responsibilities of finance department. In the reign of Jahangir, the office of Imperial Diwan gained prominence and ultimately during Shah Jahan's regime, the title of grand vizier was transferred from Vakil's office to Imperial Diwan.

List of prime ministers of India

;Legend

No.	Portrait	Name	Term of office	Appointed by	Party
70			1885	Bombay	Indian National Congress
71			1886	Calcutta
72			1887	Madras
73			1888	Allahabad
74			1889	Bombay
75			1890	Calcutta
76			1891	Nagpur
)			1892	Allahabad
			1893	Lahore
77			1894	Madras
78			1895	Poona
79			1896	Calcutta
80			1897	Amaravati
81			1898	Madras
82			1899	Lucknow
83			1900	Lahore
84			1901	Calcutta	Indian National Congress
85		Swami Vivekananda	1902
86			1902	Ahmedabad
87			1903	Madras
88			1904	Bombay
89			1905	Banaras
90			1906	Calcutta
91			1907	Surat
91			1908	Madras
92			1909	Lahore
93			1910	Allahabad
94			1911	Calcutta
95			1912	Bankipore
96			1913	Karachi
97			1914	Madras
98			1915	Bombay
99			1915	Lucknow

List of governors of Portuguese India

The following is a list of rulers during the history of Portuguese India as a viceroyalty or governorship.
– In 1508, King Manuel I of Portugal devised a plan to partition the Portuguese empire in Asia into three separate governments or "high captaincies" – Captain-Major of the seas of Ethiopia, Arabia and Persia, centered at Socotra, was to cover the East African and Arabian-Persian coasts, from Sofala to Diu; Captain-Major of the seas of India, centered at Cochin, was to cover the Indian coast from Diu down to Cape Comorin. Afonso de Albuquerque was Captain-General of the latter. Jorge de Aguiar was made Captain-General of the former. A third high captaincy, covering Asia east of Cape Comorin was assigned to Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, who was assigned that year to discover Malacca. The triarchy experiment failed – Aguiar drowned en route, while Sequeira quit the region in 1509, after his debacle at Malacca, leaving Albuquerque sole governor of the whole unpartitioned complex.
– Around 1570, King Sebastian of Portugal tried to partition the Portuguese State of India into three separate governments – a western state based around Sofala, a central state ruled from Goa and an eastern state ruled from Malacca. D. António de Noronha was appointed to Goa, António Moniz Barreto to Malacca, and Francisco Barreto to Sofala.
– Title of Viceroy of Indies extinguished by royal letter in 1771, replaced by Capitão-Geral of the Indies.

List of chief governing officers

Commissioners

François Caron, 1668–1672
François Baron, 1672–1681
François Martin, 1681 – November 1693Dutch occupation, September 1693 – September 1699 — '''Treaty of Ryswick'''

Governors

In the days of the French East India Company, the title of the top official was most of the time Governor of Pondicherry and General Commander of the French settlements in the East Indies. After 1816, it was Governor of French establishments in India.

François Martin, September 1699 – 31 December 1706
Pierre Dulivier, January 1707 – July 1708
Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1708–1712
Pierre Dulivier, 1713–1715
Guillaume André d'Hébert, 1715–1718
Pierre André Prévost de La Prévostière, August 1718 – 11 October 1721
Pierre Christoph Le Noir, 1721–1723
Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant, 1723–1726
Pierre Christoph Le Noir, 1727–1734
Pierre Benoît Dumas, 1735–1741
Joseph François Dupleix, 14 January 1742 – 15 October 1754
Charles Godeheu, Le commissaire, 15 October 1754 – 1754
Georges Duval de Leyrit, 1756–1758
Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, 1758 – January 1761
First British occupation, January 15, 1761 – June 25, 1765 — Treaty of Paris (1763)
Jean Law de Lauriston, 1765–1766
Antoine Boyellau, 1766–1767
Jean Law de Lauriston, 1767 – January 1777
Second British occupation, 1778 – 1783 – Treaty of Paris (1783)
Guillaume de Bellecombe, January 1777 – 1778
Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, 1783–1785
François de Souillac, 1785
David Charpentier de Cossigny, October 1785 – 1787
Thomas Conway, October 1787 – 1789
Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne, 1789–1792
Dominique Prosper de Chermont, November 1792 – 1793
L. Leroux de Touffreville, 1793
Third British occupation, 23 August 1793 – 18 June 1802 — Treaty of Amiens
Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen, 18 June 1802 – August 1803
Louis Binot, 1803
Fourth British occupation, August 1803 – 26 September 1816 — Treaty of Paris (1814)
Comte Dupuy, 26 September 1816 – October 1825
Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel, October 1825 – 19 June 1826
Eugène Desbassayns de Richemont, 1826 – 2 August 1828
Joseph Cordier, Marie Emmanuel, 2 August 1828 – 11 April 1829
Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay, 11 April 1829 – 3 May 1835
Hubert Jean Victor, Marquis de Saint-Simon, 3 May 1835 – April 1840
Paul de Nourquer du Camper, April 1840 – 1844
Louis Pujol, 1844–1849
Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de Calan, 1849–1850
Philippe Achille Bédier, 1851–1852
Raymond de Saint-Maur, August 1852 – April 1857
Alexandre Durand d'Ubraye, April 1857 – January 1863
Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps, January 1863 – June 1871
Antoine-Léonce Michaux, June 1871 – November 1871
Pierre Aristide Faron, November 1871 – 1875
Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard, 1875–1878
Léonce Laugier, February 1879 – April 1881
Théodore Drouhet, 1881 – October 1884
Étienne Richaud, October 1884 – 1886
Édouard Manès, 1886–1888
Georges Jules Piquet, 1888–1889
Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet, 1889–1891
Léon Émile Clément-Thomas, 1891–1896
Louis Jean Girod, 1896 – February 1898
François Pierre Rodier, February 1898 – 11 January 1902
Louis Pelletan, 11 January 1902
Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac, 1902–1904
Philema Lemaire, August 1904 – April 1905
Joseph Pascal François, April 1905 – October 1906
Gabriel Louis Angoulvant, October 1906 – 3 December 1907
Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure, 1908–1909
Ernest Fernand Lévecque, 1909 – 9 July 1910
Alfred Albert Martineau, 9 July 1910 – July 1911
Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat, July 1911 – November 1913
Alfred Albert Martineau, November 1913 – 29 June 1918
Pierre Étienne Clayssen, 29 June 1918 – 21 February 1919
Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis, 21 February 1919 – 11 February 1926
Henri Léo Eugène Lagroua, 11 February 1926 – 5 August 1926
Pierre Jean Henri Didelot, 1926–1928
Robert Paul Marie de Guise, 1928–1931
Adrien Juvanon, 1931–1934
Léon Solomiac, August 1934 – 1936
Horace Valentin Crocicchia, 1936–1938
Louis Bonvin, 26 September 1938 – 1945
Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice Jeandin, 1945–1946
Charles François Marie Baron, 20 March 1946 – 20 August 1947

French India became an Overseas territory of France in 1946.

Commissioners

Charles François Marie Baron, 20 August 1947 – May 1949
Charles Chambon, May 1949 – 31 July 1950
André Ménard, 31 July 1950 – October 1954
Georges Escargueil, October 1954 – 1 November 1954

French India de facto transferred to the Republic of India in 1954.

High Commissioners

The first High Commissioner, Kewal Singh was appointed immediately after the Kizhoor referendum on 21 October 1954 as per Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947. The Chief Commissioner had the powers of the former French commissioner, but was under the direct control of the Union Government.
The list of Chief Commissioners is given below

	Name	Took office	Left office
1		21 October 1954	16 November 1956
2		17 November 1956	27 August 1958
3		30 August 1958	8 February 1961
4		2 May 1961	1 August 1963
5		2 August 1963	13 October 1963

East India Company

East India Company is a general term, referring to a number of European trading companies established in the early modern era to establish trade relations with and subsequently political control over the Indian subcontinent, the Indonesian archipelago and the neighbouring lands in Southeast Asia. They would include:

British East India Company
Dutch East India Company
Danish East India Company, re-established 1670–1729
Portuguese East India Company
Genoese East India Company
French East India Company, re-established 1785–1794
Swedish East India Company
Austrian East India Company

British East India Company

British East India Company

Early governors

1600–1601: Sir Thomas Smythe
1601–1602: Sir John Watts
1602–1603: Sir John Hart
1603–1606: Sir Thomas Smythe
1606–1607: Sir William Romney
1607–1621: Sir Thomas Smythe
1621–1624: Sir William Halliday
1624–1638: Sir Maurice (Morris) Abbot
1638–1641: Sir Christopher Clitherow

Evolution of flags

Colonial India

British rule in India

Flag	Duration	Use	Description
	1880–1947	Civil Ensign of India used to represent India internationally.	A Red Ensign with the Union Jack at the canton, defaced with the Star of India emblem displayed in the fly.
	1885–1947	Flag of the Viceroy and Governor-General of India	The Union Jack defaced with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India beneath the Tudor Crown.
	1858–1947	The official state flag of the British Empire used in India	The Flag of the United Kingdom.
	1801–1858	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with the Union Jack in the canton.
	1707–1801	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with the Union Jack of Great Britain in the canton.
	1600–1707	Flag of the East India Company	A striped banner with Saint George's Cross in the canton.

Princely states

French India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1667–1791	Flag of the Kingdom of France	Flag of the Kingdom of France.
	1791–1794	1791–1792: Flag of the Kingdom of France 1792–1794: Flag of the French First Republic	The flag of France.
	1814–1815 1815–1830	Flag of the Kingdom of France under the Bourbon Restoration	Flag of the Kingdom of France.
	1794–1804, 1830–1940, 1944–1954	1794–1804: Flag of the French First Republic 1804–1814, 1815: Flag of the First French Empire 1830–1848; Flag of the Kingdom of France 1848–1852: Flag of the French Second Republic 1852–1870: Flag of the Second French Empire 1870–1940: Flag of the French Third Republic and French Empire 1944–1946: Flag of the Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic 1946–1954: Flag of the French Fourth Republic and French Union	The flag of France.
	1940–1944	Flag of French India under Free France	Flag of Free France with the Cross of Lorraine

Portuguese India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1497–1521	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1578–1616	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1616–1640	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1640–1667	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	17th and 18th centuries	Portuguese Indian Naval Ensign.
	1667–1706	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	18th century	Portuguese Indian Merchant Ensign	-
	1706–1750	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1816–1826	Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
	1826–1830	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
	1830–1910	Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.	Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.
	1910–1961 1910–1974	Flag of the Portuguese Republic. The final state flag of Portuguese India.	Used from the implantation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the Annexation of Portuguese India.
	1967	Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967.	Proposal by F. P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.
	1935–1961	Distinctive Flag of a Portuguese Overseas Governor-General

Dutch India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1605–1795	The Prince's Flag
	1652–1795	States Flag
	1795–1806	Flag of the Batavian Republic
	1813–1825	Flag of Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands

Danish India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1620–1869	The flag of Denmark

Swedish India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1731–1813	The flag of Sweden

Austrian India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1778–1785	The flag of Archduchy of Austria

Flags used in the Indian independence movement

Dominion of India

Flag	Date	Use	Description
	1947–1950	Flag of the Dominion of India	A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.
	1947–1950	Flag of the governor-general of India	Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest, beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.
	1947–present	National flag of India	A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.

List of European colonies in Asia

Dutch, British, Spanish, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia:
British colonies in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia:

British Empire

British India

French colonies in South and Southeast Asia

French India

Dutch India

Portuguese

Russian Empire

Outer Manchuria – ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun and Treaty of Peking

India's protectorates

Bhutan.
Kingdom of Sikkim, later acceded to India as State of Sikkim.

Provisional Government to Indian independence

President of the Executive Council

Interim Government of India

List of Party Congresses Communist Party of India (Marxist)

Congress	Date	Location	Elected Secretary
24th	2 – 6 April 2025	Madurai, Tamil Nadu	M. A. Baby
23rd	6 – 10 April 2022	Kannur, Kerala	Sitaram Yechury
22rd	18 – 22 April 2018	Hyderabad, Telangana	Sitaram Yechury
21st	April 2015	Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh	Sitaram Yechury
20th	April 2012	Calicut, Kerala	Prakash Karat
19th	29 March – 3 April 2008	Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	Prakash Karat
18th	6 – 11 April 2005	New Delhi, Delhi	Prakash Karat
17th	19 – 24 March 2002	Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh	Harkishan Singh Surjeet
16th	5 – 11 October 1998	Calcutta, West Bengal	Harkishan Singh Surjeet
15th	3 – 8 April 1995	Chandigarh, Punjab	Harkishan Singh Surjeet
14th	3 – 9 January 1992	Madras, Tamil Nadu	Harkishan Singh Surjeet
13th	27 December 1988 - 1 January 1989	Trivandrum, Kerala	E. M. S. Namboodiripad
12th	25 – 29 December 1985	Calcutta, West Bengal	E. M. S. Namboodiripad
11th	26 – 31 January 1982	Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh	E. M. S. Namboodiripad
10th	2 – 8 April 1978	Jalandar, Punjab	E. M. S. Namboodiripad
9th	27 June – 2 July 1972	Madurai, Tamil Nadu	Puchalapalli Sundarayya
8th	23 – 29 December 1968	Cochin, Kerala	Puchalapalli Sundarayya
7th	31 October – 7 November 1964	Calcutta, West Bengal	Puchalapalli Sundarayya

Communist Party of India

Leadership

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

General Secretary

D. Raja

National Secretariat

D. Raja
Amarjeet Kaur
K. Narayana
Bhalchandra Kango
Pallab Sen Gupta
Binoy Viswam
Syed Azeez Pasha
Nagendra Nath Ojha
Rama Krushna Panda
Annie Raja
Girish Chandra Sharma

List of general secretaries and chairmen of the CPI

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where
necessary."

Number	Photo	Name	Tenure
1st		Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate	1925–1933
2nd		Gangadhar Adhikari	1933–1935
3rd		Puran Chand Joshi	1936–1948
4th		B. T. Ranadive	1948–1950
5th		Chandra Rajeswara Rao	1950–1951
6th		Ajoy Ghosh	1951–1962
Chairman		Shripad Amrit Dange	1962–1981
7th		E. M. S. Namboodiripad	1962–1964
		Chandra Rajeswara Rao	1964–1990
8th		Indrajit Gupta	1990–1996
9th		Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan	1996–2012
10th		Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy	2012–2019
11th		D. Raja	2019–Incumbent

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

List of Sarsanghchalak

No.	Name	Portrait	Term	Period	Ref.
1	K. B. Hedgewar		27 September 1925 – 1930	5 Years
-	Laxman Vasudev Paranjape		1930–1931	1 Year
	K. B. Hedgewar		1931–21 June 1940	9 years
2	M. S. Golwalkar		21 June 1940 – 5 June 1973
3	Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras		5 June 1973–March 1994	21 Years
4	Rajendra Singh		March 1994–10 March 2000	6 years
5	K. S. Sudarshan		10 March 2000 – 21 March 2009
6	Mohan Bhagwat		21 March 2009–Incumbent