Haplogroup N-M231


Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup defined by the presence of the single-nucleotide polymorphism marker M231.
It is most commonly found in males originating from northern Eurasia. It also has been observed at lower frequencies in populations native to other regions, including parts of the Balkans, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
However, the basal paragroup N* has only been found in populations indigenous to China and Cambodia. Subclades of N-M231 have been found at low levels in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Southwest Asia and the Balkans. These factors tend to suggest that it originated in East Asia or Southeast Asia.

Origins

Haplogroup NO-M214, the most recent common ancestor of haplogroup N-M231 and its sibling haplogroup O-M175, is estimated to have existed about 36,800–44,700 years ago.
It is generally considered that N-M231 arose in Southeast Asia or East Asia approximately 19,400 years ago and populated northern Eurasia after the Last Glacial Maximum. Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene, migrating in a counter-clockwise path, to eventually become concentrated in areas as far away as Fennoscandia and the Baltic. The apparent dearth of haplogroup N-M231 amongst Native American peoples indicates that it spread after Beringia was submerged, about 11,000 years ago.

Distribution

Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in other areas, including Central Asia and the Balkans.
It has been found with greatest frequency among indigenous peoples of Russia, including Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Buryats, Tungusic peoples, Yukaghirs, Luoravetlans, and Siberian Eskimos, but certain subclades are very common in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and other subclades are found at low frequency in China. Especially in ethnic Finnic peoples and Baltic-speaking peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric-speaking and Northern Samoyed peoples of western Siberia, and Turkic-speaking peoples of Russia. Nearly all members of haplogroup N among these populations of northern Eurasia belong to subclades of either haplogroup N-CTS6128/M2048 or haplogroup N-P43.
Y-chromosomes belonging to N1b-F2930/M1881/V3743, or N1*-CTS11499/L735/M2291, have been found in China and sporadically throughout other parts of Eurasia. The N-CTS6128/M2048 and N-P43 subclades of N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 are found in high numbers in Northern Eurasia; however, members of N1a-F1206 are currently found mainly in northern China and Korea.
N2-Y6503, the other primary subclade of haplogroup N, is extremely rare and is mainly represented among extant humans by a recently formed subclade that is virtually restricted to the countries making up the former Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria. Other members of N2-Y6503 include a Hungarian with recent ancestry from Suceava in Bukovina, a Slovakian, a few British individuals, and an Altaian.

N* (M231)

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N-M231, but do not display the CTS11499, L735, M2291 mutations that define Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to paragroup N-M231*.
N-M231* has been found at low levels in China. Out of a sample of 165 Han males from China, two individuals were found to belong to N*. One originated from Guangzhou and one from Xi'an.
Among the ancient samples from the Baikal Early Neolithic Kitoi culture, one of the Shamanka II samples, dated to c. 6500 BP, was analyzed as NO1-M214 in the original study. However, this same specimen has subsequently been found to belong to N-FT210118, the same clade as the other haplogroup N specimens from the same site. N-FT210118 is derived from N-L666/N-F2199 but basal to N-CTS6380, this latter being the most recent common ancestor of present-day N-P43 and N-F1101. Furthermore, N-FT210118 has not been found in any living individual who has had his Y-DNA tested to date, and the estimated TMRCA of N-CTS6380 exceeds the estimated date of deposition of any of the specimens from the Shamanka site associated with the Kitoi culture, so it appears that the representatives of the Kitoi culture at Shamanka have gone extinct rather than being direct ancestors of any living people.

N1 (CTS11499, Z4762, CTS3750)

In 2014, there was a major change in the definition of subclade N1, when LLY22g was retired as the main defining SNP for N1 because of reports of LLY22g's unreliability. According to ISOGG, LLY22g is problematic because it is a "palindromic marker and can easily be misinterpreted." Since then, the name N1 has been applied to a clade marked by a great number of SNPs, including CTS11499, Z4762, and CTS3750. N1 is the most recent common ancestor of all extant members of Haplogroup N-M231 except members of the rare N2-Y6503 subclade. The TMRCA of N1 is estimated to be 18,000 years before present.
Since the revision of 2014, the position of many examples of "N1-LLY22g" within haplogroup N have become unclear. Therefore, it is better to check and in order to understand the updated structure of N-M231.
However, in older studies, N-LLY22g has been reported to reach a frequency of up to 30% among the Yi people of Butuo County, Sichuan in Southwest China. It is also found in 34.6% of Lhoba people. N1-LLY22g* has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency:
Other populations in which representatives of N1*-LLY22g have been found include:
N1 was found in ancient bones of Liao civilization:
  • Niuheliang 66.7%
  • Halahaigou 100.0%
  • Dadianzi 60.0%.
N-CTS4309: two people identified with this subgroup in Iraq. Very rare.

N1a (F1206/M2013/S11466)

The N1a2-F1008/L666 clade and N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a-F1206/M2013/S11466 approximately 15,900 years before present or 17,621 years before present.

N1a1 (M46/Page70/Tat, L395/M2080)

All M46 in Yfull database are [|M178], being a quarter younger than separation from F1139.
The mutations that define the subclade N-M46 are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It probably arose in a Northeast Asian population, because the oldest ancient samples comply with this genetic profile.
N has experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe. Haplogroup N-M46 is approximately 14,000 years old.
In Siberia, haplogroup N-M46 reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, N-M46 is present with much lower frequency among many of the Yakuts' neighbors, such as Evenks and Evens. It also has been detected in 5.9% of a sample of Hmong Daw from Laos, 2.4% of a sample from Seoul, South Korea, and in 1.4% of a sample from Tokushima, Japan. Y-DNA haplogroup N-M46 accounts for about 1.07% of all Y-DNA in present-day China; most of those belong to the basal N-F4063 subclade, but the N-M2058 > N-A9408 > N-Y77895 > N-Y70200 subclade and the N-CTS11808 > N-CTS10336 > N-Y6058 > N-Y16323 > N-F4205 subclade are also readily detectable. Notably, China also has a significant presence of N-MF14176, which is derived from N-F2584 but basal to N-M46.
The haplogroup N-M46 has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect. This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baikal area.
N-Tat has been observed with greatly varying frequency in samples from Sweden. Karlsson et al. found N-Tat in 44.7% of a sample of Saami nomads from Jokkmokk, 19.5% of a sample from Västerbotten, 14.5% of a sample from Uppsala, 10.0% of a sample from Gotland, 9.5% of a sample from Värmland, 7.3% of a sample from Östergötland/Jönköping, 2.4% of a sample from Blekinge/Kristianstad, and 2.2% of a sample from Skaraborg.
Lappalainen et al. found N-Tat in 14.4% of a sample from Sweden.
Lappalainen et al. found N-Tat in 15.4% of a sample from Södermanland, 12.5% of a sample from Västmanland, 12.1% of a sample from Uppsala, 7.8% of a sample from Gothenburg, 7.0% of a sample from Norrbotten, 6.8% of a sample from Skåne, 6.6% of a sample from Stockholm, 6.3% of a sample from Sydnorrland, 6.3% of a sample from Västerbotten, 6.3% of a sample from Örebro, 5.9% of a sample from Värmland/Dalarna, 5.4% of a sample from Östra Götaland, and 5.1% of a sample from southeastern Sweden. They did not find any instance of N-Tat in their samples from Jönköping, Malmö, Halland, or Västra Götaland.

N1a1a (M178)

The subclade N-M178 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. N-M178* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians, Lithuanians & 35% among Estonians.
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia and spread into Northern Europe. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia.
N-M178 was also found in two Na-Dené speaking Tłı̨chǫs in North America.
Neolithic samples from Baikal area have yielded plenty of yDNA N specimens, and one sample from Fofonovo, Buryatia, 5000-4000 BC is among the first Tat samples in the ancient record.
Earliest samples of N1a1a-L708 were found in Trans-Baikal between 8,000 and 6,000 YBP. Downstream samples were found in Yakutia and Krasnoyarsk Krai, between 5,000 and 4,000 YBP.

N1a2 (F1008/L666)

N1a2a-M128 and N1a2b-B523/P43 are estimated to share a most recent common ancestor in N1a2-F1008/L666 approximately 8,700 years before present, 9,314 years before present, or 10,430 years before present.
At least three of six tested male specimens from the Early Neolithic layer at the Shamanka archaeological site near the southern end of Lake Baikal have been found to belong to N1a2-L666.

N1a2a-M128

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. N-M128 was first identified in a sample from Japan and in a sample from Central Asia and Siberia in a preliminary survey of worldwide Y-DNA variation. Subsequently, it has been found with low frequency in some samples of the Manchu people, Sibe people, Evenks, Koreans, Han Chinese, Hui, Tibetans, Vietnamese, Bouyei people, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Salars, Tu, Mongols, the Buzava tribe of Kalmyks, Khakas, and Komis. About 0.88% of all males in present-day China belong to N-M128 > N-F710, and it has been suggested that this clade may be associated with the aristocracy or even the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty.
A number of a Han Chinese, an Ooled Mongol, a Qiang, and a Tibetan were found to belong to a sister branch of N-M128 under paragroup N-F1154*.
A neolithic sample brn002 in Trans-Baikal was discovered to be an early offshoot upstream of N-M128.
As a genetic testing result of Yelü clan, a royal family of the Liao Dynasty and Khitan descents, it was found to belong to N-F1998, a downstream of N-M128.
According to "The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene", the basal yDNA N-M128/mtDNA B5b2 HGDP01293 individual occupied a position on the PCA between the Jiangsu Province's and Anhui province's specimens, but not far from the Shandong province's mtDNA R11'B6>R11b specimen, while a later descendant of the yDNA N-M128 clade, belonging to mtDNA R11'B6>R11b, was reported from the ancient DNA of the Western Zhou Cemetery, tomb M18. Based on ancient DNA, the distribution of mtDNA B5b2 after 9500 years ago and prior to 4600 years ago in the direction of the Anhui and Jiangsu provinces from Shandong from the vicinity of the future Shandong Longshan Yinjiacheng site is shown in "Maternal genetic structure in ancient Shandong between 9500 and 1800 years ago", while the existence of the local Paleolithic Northern East Asian substratum, represented by individuals of the basal died-out yDNA O-M164*, separating from the Southern East Asian yDNA O-M188 and contributing to yDNA C2-M217 ancestors of Altaic and Korean representatives, was shown in "Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years". Having occupied the position on the PCA between the Jiangsu Province's and Anhui Province's specimens, the basal yDNA N-M128/mtDNA B5b2 HGDP01293 individual became a participant of the uniform genetic cline, which spanned from Jiangsu and Anhui individuals to the Tai-speaking Dai people, and from Jiangsu and Anhui individuals to the ancient individual WGM20, belonging to mtDNA M11, of the Yangshao Wanggou site, dated to 5000–5500 years ago, and this ancient age also encompassed ancient yDNA pre-N-M128 Mazongshan individuals and modern yDNA N-M128-affiliated Gansu Province's individuals, who appeared to be included on the mentioned genetic cline closer to the ancient Henan province's specimens of the Longshan period ca. 4000 years ago, than to the more genetically basal ancient individual WGM20 of the Yangshao Wanggou site, dated to 5000–5500 years ago.

N1a2b (P43)

Haplogroup N-P43 is defined by the presence of the marker P43. Additionally, haplogroup N-P43 is defined by a marker Y3214, which is shared with a younger yDNA O1b2-K14, distributed in Japan. It has been estimated to be approximately 4,000 to 5,500 years old. It has been found very frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples, speakers of Ob-Ugric languages, Zabolotnie Tatars and northern Khakassians, and it also has been observed with low to moderate frequency among speakers of some other Uralic languages, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupik people.
The highest frequencies of N-P43 are observed among north-west Siberian populations: 92% in a sample of Nganasan, 78% in a sample of Enets, 78% in a sample of Khants, 75% in a sample of Tundra Nenets, 69% in another sample of Nenets, 60% in a sample of Mansi, 57% in another sample of Khants, 54% in another sample of Nganasan, 45% in a sample of Forest Nenets, 38% in a third sample of Khants, and 25% in a fourth sample of Khants. In Europe, the N-P43 types have their highest frequency of 20% among Volga-Uralic populations. The extreme western border of the spread of N-P43 is Finland, where this haplogroup occurs only at marginal frequency – 0.4%. Yet N-P43 is quite frequent among Vepsas, a small Finnic population living in immediate proximity to Finns, Karelians and Estonians.
Haplogroup N-P43 also has been observed with very high frequency in samples of Kachins, a Turkic-speaking ethnic group or territorial subgroup of the Khakas people, from Shirinsky district of northern Khakassia. There appears to be a cline through the Sagai, with 46.2% of Sagai sampled from Ust'–Es', Esino, Ust'–Chul', and Kyzlas settlements of Askizsky district of central Khakassia belonging to haplogroup N-P43 vs. only 13.6% of Sagai sampled from Matur, Anchul', Bol'shaya Seya, and Butrakhty settlements of Tashtypsky district of southern Khakassia belonging to this haplogroup. However, other researchers' samples of Khakas people have exhibited only moderate frequencies of N-P43 or potential N-P43. Derenko et al. examined a sample of Khakassians collected in the settlements of Askiz, Shirinsk, Beisk and Ordzhonikidzevsk districts of Khakass Republic and found that 15 of them belonged to N-LLY22g. Rootsi et al. examined a sample of Khakas and found that 31 of them belonged to N-P43; retested 174 of the individuals in this sample and found that 27 of them belonged to the N-B478 subclade of N-P43 and 2 of them belonged to the N-L1419 subclade of N-P43 for a total of 29 N-P43.
Haplogroup N-P43 forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter mostly distributed among Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and related populations.

N1a2b1-B478

The TMRCA of N-B478 has been estimated to be 3,007 years before present. It is one of the most prevalent Y-DNA haplogroups among indigenous populations of northwestern Siberia: 69.0% Nenets, 50.0% Nganasan, 22.2% Dolgan from Taymyr, 7.0% Selkup, 1.6% Ob-Ugrian. It is also quite prevalent among populations of Central Siberia, Southern Siberia, and Mongolia: 17.9% Tuvan, 15.5% Khakas, 13.0% Tozhu Tuvans, 8.7% Shor, 8.3% Even, 8.2% Altaian, 5.3% Evenk, 5.0% Mongol, 4.9% Sart-Kalmak, 4.2% Yakut, 2.1% Torgut, 1.4% Derbet, 0.9% Buryat. A geographically outlying member has been found in a sample of Chuvash.
Karafet et al. have found N-P63, which appears to be roughly phylogenetically equivalent to N-B478, in 91.2% Nganasan, 63.8% Tundra Nenets, 42.7% Forest Nenets, 14.0% Dolgan, 7.0% Selkup, 3.3% Evenk, 2.7% Mongol, 2.6% Komi, 2.5% Buryat, and 2.0% Altai Kizhi. This haplogroup was not observed in samples of Yukaghir, Koryak, Teleut, Ket, Yakut, or Khanty populations.
Kharkov et al. have found N-B478 in greatly differing percentages of samples of Khanty from two different villages of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug: 60.9% of a sample of Khanty from the village of Russkinskaya, Surgut district and 14.8% of a sample of Khanty from the village of Kazym, Beloyarsky district. Five of the eight members from the village of Kazym share a subclade marked by the B172 and Z35108 SNPs with all previously surveyed Nenets men from the Vanuito phratry belonging to the Vanuito, Puiko and Yaungat clans and the Purungui clan of Khanty origin.

N1b (F2930)

Haplogroup N1b has been predominantly found in the Yi people, a Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic group in southwestern China who originated from ancient Qiang tribes in northwestern China. However, it also has been found in people all over China and in some individuals from Spain, Ecuador, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Iraq, India, Kazakhstan, Korea, Japan, Bhutan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore.

N2 (Y6503)

N2 – a primary branch of haplogroup N-M231, is now represented mainly by a subclade, N-FGC28435, that has spread probably some time in the first half of the second millennium CE and that has been found in individuals from Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey.
N-Y7310 subsumes N-FGC28435 and likewise probably descends from a common ancestor who has lived some time in the first half of the last millennium. However, members of N-Y7310 exhibit a greater geographic range, including an individual from Rostov Oblast of Russia and a Romanian Hungarian individual with ancestry from Suceava, Bukovina.
Other branches of N-P189 include members from Turkey, Russia, France, and England. The most recent common ancestor of all the aforementioned extant N-P189 lineages has been estimated to be 4,900 years before present. An archaeological specimen attributed to the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan and dated to the latter half of the fourth millennium BCE belongs to N-P189*, being basal to present-day European members of N-P189.
Lineages that belong to N-Y6503 and are only distantly related to the aforementioned members of N-P189 have been found in an individual from the present-day Altai Republic and probably also in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Iron Age Mezőcsát culture of what is now Hungary and in an archaeological specimen attributed to the Kitoi culture of ceramic-using foragers of the area around Lake Baikal.

Ancient peoples

A sample excavated at the Houtaomuga site in the Yonghe neighborhood of Honggangzi Township, Da'an, Jilin, China dating back to 7430–7320 years ago has been found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup N and mtDNA haplogroup B4c1a2. This sample is autosomally identical with the Neolithic Amur River Basin populations, of which Nivkh people are the closest modern representative. As the paper detected this ancestry in terminal Pleistocene USR1 specimen in Alaska, it is therefore, postulated that there was gene flow from Amur to America.
N has also been found in many samples of Neolithic human remains exhumed from Liao civilization in northeastern China, and in the circum-Baikal area of southern Siberia. It is suggested that yDNA N, reached southern Siberia from 12 to 14 kya. From there it reached southern Europe 8-10kya.

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree

In the following tree the nomenclature of three sources is separated by slashes: ISOGG Tree 10 December 2017 NO-M214
  • *N-M231/Page91, M232/M2188　　　　　
  • **N1-Z4762/CTS11499/L735/M2291
  • ***N1a-L729
  • ****N-Z1956
  • *****N-Y149447 China
  • *****N1a1-M46/Page70/Tat
  • ******N1a1a-M178
  • *******N1a1a1-F1419
  • ********N1a1a1a-L708　
  • *********N1a1a1a1-P298/M2126 China
  • **********N1a1a1a1a-L392
  • ***********N1a1a1a1a1-CTS10760
  • ************N1a1a1a1a1a-CTS2929/VL29 Found with high frequency among Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, northwestern Russians, Swedish Saami, Karelians, Nenetses, Finns, and Maris, moderate frequency among other Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Poles, and low frequency among Komis, Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashes, Dolgans, Vepsa, Selkups, Karanogays, and Bashkirs
  • *************N1a1a1a1a1a1-Z4908
  • **************N-Y46443
  • ***************N-Y46443* Russia
  • ***************N-BY33095 Russia
  • **************N1a1a1a1a1a1a-L550/S431
  • ***************N-L550* Sweden
  • ***************N-Y9454 Sweden, Finland, Russia
  • ***************N-Y20911 Finland
  • ***************N-Y7795
  • ****************N-Y7795* Sweden
  • ****************N-Y29766 Norway
  • ****************N-Y20918 Sweden, Finland
  • ****************N-Y28771
  • *****************N-Y61225 Sweden
  • *****************N-Y30126
  • ******************N-Y30126* Sweden
  • ******************N-Y29764
  • *******************N-Y29764* Sweden
  • *******************N-Y30123 Sweden, Finland
  • ***************N-S9378
  • ****************N-S9378* Sweden
  • ****************N-S18447 Sweden
  • ****************N-Y36282
  • *****************N-Y36282* Finland, Estonia
  • *****************N-BY21957 Poland, Sweden, Russia, Finland
  • ***************N-FGC14542
  • ****************N-FGC14542* Finland
  • ****************N-BY21938 Norway, Sweden
  • ****************N-Y17113 United Kingdom, Canada, Norway, Sweden
  • ***************N-Y4341
  • ****************N-BY21874 Sweden, Finland
  • ****************N-Y4338
  • *****************N-Y4338*
  • *****************N-Y4339 Sweden
  • ******************N-Y12104
  • *******************N-Y12104* Sweden
  • *******************N-Y12103 Finland, Sweden, Norway
  • ******************N-Y19111
  • *******************N-Y57577 Sweden
  • *******************N-Y22774 Finland
  • ******************N-Y5611
  • *******************N-Y5611* England
  • *******************N-Y21546 Sweden
  • *******************N-F1983 Sweden, Russia
  • ******************N-Y10932
  • *******************N-Y85136 Sweden
  • *******************N-Y10931 Russia
  • ***************N1a1a1a1a1a1a1-L1025/B215 Highest frequency among Lithuanians, significant in Latvians and Estonians and lesser frequency in Belarusians, Ukrainians, South-West Russians, and Poles. With exception of Estonians, L1025 has highest share among N-M231 clades in previously mentioned populations. Also observed in Finland and Sweden, with sporadic instances in Norway, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, the Azores, Czech Republic, and Slovakia.
  • ****************N-L1025* Russia
  • ****************N-BY30389 Sweden, Finland
  • ****************N-Y13982
  • *****************N-Y13982* Portugal
  • *****************N-Y31236 Lithuania
  • ****************N-A11940
  • *****************N-Y140872 Sweden, Finland
  • *****************N-Y143451 Russia
  • ****************N-Y5580
  • *****************N-Y93996 Lithuania, Poland
  • *****************N-BY158 Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan
  • ****************N-Z16975
  • *****************N-VL69 Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan
  • *****************N-Z16976
  • ******************N-Z16976* Belarus, Ukraine
  • ******************N-Y13475 Poland, Lithuania
  • ******************N-Y21578 Lithuania, Russia
  • ******************N-Y6129 Poland, Lithuania
  • ******************N-Y19113 Poland, Lithuania
  • ******************N-Y134492 Belarus, Lithuania, United States
  • ****************N-L551
  • *****************N-L551* Lithuania
  • *****************N-Y15251 Lithuania, Poland
  • *****************N-Y46313 Latvia
  • *****************N-Y86578 Russia
  • *****************N-Y14152
  • ******************N-BY21911 Poland, Latvia, Ukraine, Finland
  • ******************N-Y13979 Lithuania, Russia, Germany
  • ****************N-Y4706
  • *****************N-Y4706* Sweden, Germany, Finland, Russia
  • *****************N-A705 Sweden
  • *****************N-BY21893 Poland
  • *****************N-Y139030 Sweden, Norway
  • *****************N-Y183040 Russia
  • *****************N-Y4707 Finland
  • ****************N-Z16981
  • *****************N-A2358=N-BY14135 England, Finland, Latvia
  • *****************N-CTS8173 Estonia
  • ******************N-FT213922 )
  • *******************N-BY32524 Estonia, Finland
  • *******************N-FGC39882 Lithuania
  • ******************N-FT6082 )
  • *******************N-A11470 Russia, Lithuania, Finland, Netherlands
  • ********************N-FTC49461 Latvia
  • *********************N-FTE38475 Latvia
  • **********************N-FTE39526 Latvia
  • ********************N-BY14147 Finland, Belarus)
  • ********************N-BY52958 Latvia)
  • ********************N-FT109465 Latvia)
  • ********************N-FTD92343 Latvia, Ukraine)
  • ********************N-BY202983 Latvia)
  • ********************N-BY40639 Latvia, Russia)
  • *******************N-BY21926 Russia, Latvia, Belarus, Lithuania)
  • ******************N-Y15922=N-Z35238 Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Poland
  • ******************N-Y6075 Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia, Czech Republic, United States
  • ******************N-Y11882
  • *******************N-Y11882* Russia
  • *******************N-ZS11617 Russia, Lithuania
  • *******************N-Y24601 Latvia
  • *******************N-Y94659 Lithuania, Belarus
  • *******************N-Y32725
  • ********************N-FT96305 Latvia, Estonia
  • ********************N-Y33333 Ukraine, Belarus
  • *************N1a1a1a1a1a2-CTS9976
  • **************N-L1022
  • ***************N-Y19098
  • ****************N-Y19098* Sweden
  • ****************N-A12258 Finland
  • ****************N-BY117178 Finland
  • ***************N-Y5004
  • ****************N-Y7300
  • *****************N-A17632
  • ******************N-Y128024 Sweden
  • ******************N-A16017
  • *******************N-A16017* Estonia
  • *******************N-A16526
  • ********************N-FT216144 Finland
  • ********************N-Y95406 Estonia, Russia
  • ******************N-Y7297 Finland
  • *****************N-Y15813
  • ******************N-Y15813* Finland
  • ******************N-Y49008 Finland
  • ******************N-Y46886 Finland
  • ******************N-Y15812
  • *******************N-A14187 Finland, Estonia
  • *******************N-Y24617 Finland, Sweden, Russia
  • *******************N-Y23576
  • ********************N-Y23576* Finland
  • ********************N-Y15615
  • *********************N-BY100801 Sweden, Finland
  • *********************N-A17838 Finland, Sweden
  • *********************N-Y23179 Finland
  • ****************N-Y5005
  • *****************N-Y22106
  • ******************N-Y47789 Finland
  • ******************N-Y79341 Finland, Sweden
  • *****************N-Y10756
  • ******************N-A13656 Finland, Sweden
  • ******************N-PH2196
  • *******************N-CTS11122 Finland
  • *******************N-A17277 Finland
  • *******************N-PH547 Finland, Sweden
  • *****************N-Y5003
  • ******************N-Y5003* Estonia, Finland, United Kingdom
  • ******************N-BY22001 Estonia, Finland, Sweden
  • ******************N-BY6007 Russia
  • ******************N-Y132182 Sweden, Estonia
  • ******************N-Y20917 Sweden, Finland
  • ******************N-Y24502 United Kingdom
  • ******************N-Y18420 Finland
  • ******************N-Z35267 Finland, Estonia
  • ******************N-Y6599 Finland, Estonia, Russia
  • ******************N-Y24000
  • *******************N-Y24001 Sweden, Norway
  • *******************N-A17082 Finland, Estonia
  • ******************N-Y16503 Finland, Sweden
  • **************N-BY6010 United States
  • **************N-CTS3451
  • ***************N-CTS3451* Russian
  • ***************N-Y3667
  • ****************N-BY33087
  • *****************N-BY33087* Finland
  • *****************N-BY33088 Finland, Russia
  • ****************N-CTS657
  • *****************N-CTS657* Finland, Russia
  • *****************N-BY70437 Finland
  • *****************N-BY6024 Finland
  • *****************N-Y45925 Russia
  • *****************N-Y26750
  • ******************N-Y26750* Russia
  • ******************N-A16653 Finland
  • *****************N-PH3568 Finland
  • ************N1a1a1a1a1b-PH1266/Y28526/F4134
  • *************N-Y46746 Russia
  • *************N-Y32732
  • **************N-Y32732* Russia
  • **************N-Y192174
  • **************N-Y32731 Russia, Sweden
  • ************N1a1a1a1a1c-B479 Nanai, Ulchi
  • ***********N1a1a1a1a2-Z1936,CTS10082　Found with high frequency among Finns, Vepsa, Karelians, Swedish Saami, northwestern Russians, Bashkirs, and Volga Tatars, moderate frequency among other Russians, Komis, Nenetses, Ob-Ugrians, Dolgans, and Siberian Tatars, and low frequency among Mordva, Nganasans, Chuvashes, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, and Karanogays　
  • ************N-Y13851
  • *************N-BY199053 France, ancient Western Siberia
  • *************N-Y13852
  • **************N1a1a1a1a2a1c-PH3340/Y13850
  • ***************N1a1a1a1a2a1c1-L1034
  • ****************N-Y28538
  • *****************N-Y28538* Russia
  • *****************N-L1032 Russia, Kazakhstan
  • ****************N-L1442
  • *****************N-FT12605
  • ******************N-FT12659 Greece, Hungary
  • ******************N-FT164840
  • *******************N-FT180377 Turkey, Poland
  • *******************N-F17885 Russia, Hungary
  • *****************N-Y23732 Russia
  • *****************N-Y24222
  • ******************N-Y24222* Hungary
  • ******************N-Y65329 Russia
  • ******************N-Y62987 Russia
  • ***************N1a1a1a1a2a1c2-Y24361
  • ****************N-PRX35 Russia, Poland, Hungary, Albania
  • ****************N-Y24378
  • *****************N-Y24378* Estonia
  • *****************N-Y24374
  • ******************N-Y24374* Hungary
  • ******************N-Y24360 Russia
  • ******************N-BY51877
  • *******************N-BY51877* Russia
  • *******************N-FT179291 Russia
  • *******************N-Y49121 Russia
  • ************N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1934
  • *************N-Y159520
  • **************N-Y159520* Russia
  • **************N-BY184755 Russia
  • *************N-Y18421
  • **************N-Y18421* Russia
  • **************N-Y19110
  • ***************N-Y180247
  • ****************N-Y180247* Russia
  • ****************N-FT52835 Russia
  • ***************N-Y19108
  • ****************N-Y19108* Russia
  • ****************N-Y19453
  • *****************N-Y19453* Russia
  • *****************N-Y19451 Finland, Russia
  • *************N-Z1928/CTS2733
  • **************N-YP6091
  • ***************N-YP6091* Russia
  • ***************N-YP6094
  • ****************N-Y129131
  • *****************N-Y129131* Russia
  • *****************N-A25107 Russia
  • ****************N-YP6092
  • *****************N-YP6092* Russia
  • *****************N-B195
  • ******************N-B195* Russia
  • ******************N-Y62142 Russia
  • **************N1a1a1a1a2a-Z1925
  • ***************N-Z1925* Sweden
  • ***************N-Y29767 Sweden
  • ***************N-Y62904 Finland
  • ***************N1a1a1a1a2a2a1a1-Z1926
  • ****************N-Y20920
  • *****************N-Y20920* Finland, Norway
  • *****************N-Y21699 Finland
  • ****************N-Z1927
  • *****************N-Y22108 Finland, Sweden
  • *****************N-Z1933
  • ******************N-CTS4329
  • *******************N-Y22091
  • ********************N-Y22091* Norway, Finland
  • ********************N-Y47623
  • *********************N-Y47623* Finland
  • *********************N-Y106419 Norway
  • ********************N-Y31247
  • *********************N-Y31247* Russia
  • *********************N-Y31249
  • **********************N-Y90283 Finland
  • **********************N-Y31244 Finland
  • *********************N-YP6269
  • **********************N-YP6269* Finland
  • **********************N-Y151660
  • ***********************N-Y151660* Finland
  • ***********************N-BY149208 Sweden
  • *******************N-CTS8565
  • ********************N-BY18114 Finland
  • ********************N-BY30394 Finland, Russia
  • ********************N-Y30513
  • *********************N-Y30513* Finland
  • *********************N-Y29759
  • **********************N-Y29759* Finland
  • **********************N-Y29758 Sweden
  • ********************N-Z4998
  • *********************N-Z4998* Finland
  • *********************N-FGC65190 Finland
  • *********************N-Y18414 Finland
  • *********************N-Y20910 Finland
  • *********************N-BY194138 Finland
  • *********************N-Y28547 Finland
  • *********************N-BY22141 Finland, United States
  • *********************N-FT5834 Finland
  • *********************N-BY190112 Finland
  • *********************N-Y19097 Finland
  • *********************N-CTS3223 Finland, Sweden, Russia
  • ******************N-VL62 Russia, Estonia, Finland
  • *******************N-VL62* Russia, Finland
  • *******************N-VL60
  • ********************N-VL60* Russia
  • ********************N-Y63781 Russia
  • *******************N-VL72
  • ********************N-VL72* Russia
  • ********************N-BY30470 Finland
  • ********************N-Y20915 Finland
  • *******************N-Z1939
  • ********************N-Y132561
  • *********************N-Y132565 Finland
  • *********************N-Y152012
  • **********************N-Y152012* Finland
  • **********************N-Y152010 Russia
  • ********************N-Z2445
  • *********************N-Z35031 Finland, Sweden
  • *********************N-BY28931
  • **********************N-Y125841 Finland
  • **********************N-Y11631 Finland, Russia, Sweden
  • *********************N-CTS7189
  • **********************N-BY142665 Finland
  • **********************N-Y37149 Finland
  • **********************N-Y23568 Finland
  • **********************N-Y80226 Finland
  • **********************N-FT20730 Finland, Russia
  • **********************N-BY62666 Finland, Norway, United States
  • **********************N-Y24218
  • ***********************N-Y24218* Finland
  • ***********************N-Y24217 Finland, Russia
  • **********************N-BY22038 Finland
  • **********************N-Y13974 Finland
  • **********************N-Y135981 Finland, Norway
  • *******************N-Z4747
  • ********************N-Y17790 Finland
  • ********************N-Z1941
  • *********************N-BY22090 Finland
  • *********************N-Y21575 Finland, Russia
  • *********************N-Z1940 Finland, Russia, Sweden
  • ***********N1a1a1a1a3-B197/Y16323
  • ************N1a1a1a1a3a-F4205 Found with high frequency among Buryats, Siberian Tatars, and Tsaatans, moderate frequency among Karanogays, Tuvans, Todjins, and Mongols, and low frequency among Altaians, Kazakhs, Evenks, Crimean Tatars, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, and Ukrainians
  • *************N-F4205* China
  • *************N-Y16221
  • **************N-Y16221* China
  • **************N-Y16220
  • ***************N-Y16220* Ukraine
  • ***************N-F22331 Turkey, Poland, Kazakhstan
  • ***************N-Y63966 Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uzbekistan
  • ***************N-Y226011
  • ****************N-Z35331 China
  • *****************N-B199 Russia, China
  • *****************N-FT411781 China
  • ****************N-Y16312/F2288
  • *****************N-Y16312* Uzbekistan, China
  • *****************N-Y16320 Kazakhstan, China
  • ************N1a1a1a1a3b-B202 Found with high frequency among Chukchis, Koryaks, and Siberian Eskimos
  • **********N1a1a1a1b-M2019/M2118 Estonia, China
  • ***********N-M2058 China
  • ************N-M2016 China
  • *************N-M1993
  • **************N-FT411801 China
  • **************N1a1a1a1b1-M2038/M1995
  • ***************N-M1932 Yakutia
  • ***************N-M1991
  • ****************N-M1988 Yakutia
  • ****************N-Y25011 Yakutia
  • ************N1a1a1a1b2-A9408 China, Lebanon
  • *************N-Y70200 China
  • **************N-Y60223 Korean, China
  • *************N-PH1612 China
  • **************N-A9407/A9411 China
  • ***************N-A9416 Hungary, Croatia, Russia
  • ***************N-PH1896 Hungary, Turkey, China
  • *********N1a1a1a2-B211 Udmurt, Komi, Chuvash, Ob-Ugrians, Mari, Mordva, Altaian, Belarusian, Karanogay, Karelian, Bashkir, Tatar, Russian, Khakas
  • **********N1a1a1a2a-B181
  • ***********N-Y182299 Russia
  • ***********N-Y23788 Russia
  • **********N1a1a1a2b-Y23181
  • ***********N-Y23183 Russia
  • ***********N-Y143277 Russia
  • ********N-Y24317
  • *********N-Y24317* India
  • *********N1a1a1b-B187 Khakas, Shors, Altaians, Tuvinians, Tozhu Tuvan, Tatar, Bashkir
  • *******N1a1a2-Y23747 Japan
  • ********N1a1a2a-Y23749 Japan
  • ********N1a1a2b-Y125664
  • *********N-Y125664* Shanghai
  • *********N-MF16376
  • **********N1a1a2b1-MF38607 Anhui, Hunan
  • **********N1a1a2b2-F22150 Hebei, Suzhou
  • ***********N-FT281705 China
  • ************N-MF200125 China
  • ************N-MF43738 China
  • *************N-MF82671
  • **************N-MF124520 China
  • **************N-MF58064/F19130 China
  • ***********N-MF15288/MF15344 China, South Korea
  • ***********N-MF55680 China
  • ************N-MF37603 China
  • ************N-F21121 China
  • ************N-MF48201 South Korea, China
  • ****N-F1360
  • *****N-F1360* China
  • *****N1a2-F1008/L666
  • ******N-F1101
  • *******N-F1101* China, Neolithic Siberia
  • *******N-F1154
  • ********N-F1154* China
  • ********N-Y23741
  • *********N-Y23741* China
  • *********N1a2a-M128
  • **********N-M128* Japan
  • **********N-Y23738 Vietnam
  • **********N-CTS1350
  • ***********N-CTS1350* China
  • ***********N-F1998
  • ************N-F1998* China, Japan
  • ************N-MF1633 China
  • ************N-MF41795 Korea
  • ************N-Y71703
  • *************N-Y71703* Japan
  • *************N-Y173843
  • **************N-Y173843* South Korea
  • **************N-Y174089 China
  • *********N1a2b-B523（P43）
  • **********N1a2b-Y126204, VL67/Z35079, BY29083
  • ***********N-VL67/Z35079
  • ************N1a2b1-B478 Nenets, Nganasans, Dolgans, Tuvans, Todzhins, Khakasses, Shorians, Evens, Altaians, Selkups, Evenks, Mongols, Yakuts, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes
  • *************N1a2b1a-B168 Evens
  • *************N1a2b1b-B169
  • **************N1a2b1b1-B170 Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Inner Mongolia
  • **************N1a2b1b2-B175 Tuvinians, Mongols, Evenks, Yakuts, Siberian Tatars of Tomsk Oblast
  • ************N1a2b3-B525 Turkey, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Mongols, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians
  • *************N-B525* Afghanistan, Arab
  • *************N-BY173686 Russia
  • *************N-VL83 Turkey
  • *************N-Y136502 Russia, Bulgaria
  • *************N-Y37153
  • **************N-Y37153* Russia
  • **************N-BY29131
  • ***************N-BY29131* Turkey, Slovakia
  • ***************N-BY30476 Russia
  • ***********N1a2b2-FGC10872/Y3195
  • ************N1a2b2a-FGC10847/Y3185 Vepsas, Maris, Russians, Komis, Perm Krai, Komi Republic, Ob-Ugrians, Chuvashes, Tatars, Bashkirs, Karelians, Western Finland Province, Tuvans, Buryats, Khakasses, Nganasans, Asian Eskimos
  • ************N1a2b2b-Y23786
  • *************N1a2b2b* Mansis
  • *************N1a2b2b1-B528/Y24384 Udmurts, Komis, Khanties, Tatars, Asian Eskimos, Kirov Oblast, Perm Krai, Medny Island
  • ***N1b-F2905
  • ****N1b1-CTS582 China, Neolithic Shandong
  • *****N1b1a-Y6374/Z8029
  • ******N1b1a1-CTS7324 Beijing
  • ******N1b1a2-L727
  • *******N1b1a2*-L727 Beijing
  • *******N1b1a2a-L732 Belarus
  • ********N1b1a2a1-F839 China
  • *********N-F18335 China
  • **********N-F16160 China
  • **********N-Y137601 China
  • ********N1b1a2a2-Y15972
  • *********N-F21018/MF105942 Found all over China but especially in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, and Jiangsu
  • **********N-Y62279 China, Taiwan
  • **********N-MF155949 China
  • *********N-L733 Hong Kong, mainland China
  • **********N-Y154812 China
  • ***********N-Y16106 China, Poland
  • ************N-Y232856 China
  • *************N-Y15965 Poland
  • *****N1b1b-Y23789/CTS4309 Iraq
  • ******N1b1b*-Y23789 Beijing, Fujian
  • ******N1b1b1-Y60861 Guangxi
  • ****N1b2-M1819/N-M1897/CTS12473/F1173 China, Russian Federation
  • *****N-M1897* ancient DNA from Pingliangtai, Henan
  • *****N-M1845
  • ******N-M1845* China
  • ******N-M1928
  • *******N-M1928* Sichuan
  • *******N-Y125475
  • ********N-Y63516 China, Korea
  • ********N-Y193396 China, Singapore
  • ********N-CTS4714
  • *********N-CTS4714* China
  • *********N-F2407
  • **********N-Y24191
  • ***********N-Y24191* China
  • ***********N-Y24193
  • ************N-Y24193* China
  • ************N-Y24190 China, Japan
  • **********N-M1877
  • ***********N-M1877* Shigatse
  • ***********N-F1486 Chongqing
  • ************N-F1486* United Kingdom, Mongolia
  • ************N-M1812
  • *************N-F1260
  • **************N-F1260* Hubei
  • **************N-Y62067
  • ***************N-Y62067* Guangdong
  • ***************N-Y62132 Hong Kong, China
  • *************N-M1823
  • **************N-M1823* Chongqing
  • **************N-M1811
  • ***************N-M1811* Beijing, Guangxi
  • ***************N-Y24355
  • ****************N-Y24355* China, Macau, Ho Chi Minh City
  • ****************N-Y64234 Guangdong
  • **N2-Y6503
  • ***N2-Y6503* Altai Republic
  • ***N2a-P189.2
  • ****N2a1-Y6516
  • *****N2a1-Y6516*
  • *****N2a1a-Y7310
  • ******N2a1a-Y7310* Romania
  • ******N2a1a1-Y7313
  • *******N2a1a1-Y7313*
  • *******N2a1a1a-BY35494 Russia
  • *******N2a1a1b-FGC28435
  • ********N2a1a1b-FGC28435* Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia
  • ********N2a1a1b1-FGC28483 Serbia
  • ****N2a2-Y111068
  • *****N2a2a-FT352925 France, Turkey
  • *****N2a2b-Y101945 ''United Kingdom, Russia ''

History of phylogenetic nomenclature

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium. They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 ''''''YCC 2002 YCC 2005 YCC 2008 YCC 2010r ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
N-LLY22g12VIII1U25Eu16H5FN*NN1N1-------
N-M12812VIII1U25Eu16H5FN1N1N1aN1a-------
N-P6312VIII1U25Eu16H5FN2N2aN1b1N1b1-------
N-TAT12VIII1I26Eu13H5FN3*N3N1cN1c-------
N-M17816VIII1I26Eu14H5FN3a*M178N1c1N1c1-------
N-P2116VIII1I26Eu14H5FN3a1N3a1N1c1aN1c1a-------

Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Unreliable mutations
The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome appears to have occurred independently on at least four different occasions. Therefore, this deletion should not be taken as a unique event polymorphism defining this branch of the Y-chromosome tree.

Prominent members of N-M231

Through direct testing or testing of their descendants and genealogical evidence, the following notable people have been shown to be N-M231:

Websites

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