Haplogroup NO1
Haplogroup NO1, also known as NO-M214, is a Human [Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups|human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]. NO1 is the sole confirmed subclade of Haplogroup K- M2313, which is the sole subclade of Haplogroup K2a. NO is the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup in most parts of eastern and northern Eurasia, including East Asia, Siberia and northern Fennoscandia.
The location of NO1 at the SNP M214 follows the taxonomy set out by Karmin et al. 2022, and conforms to a structure shown by ISOGG.
Before 2016, the subclades compromising both NO and NO1 were not recognised, and were regarded as synonymous with K2a. Researchers such as David Poznik documented examples of previously unknown subclades of haplogroup K2, in both ancient remains and living individuals, which: had several, varying suites of the SNPs regarded previously as uniquely defining K2a and NO, but also lacked any of the SNPs specifically identifying haplogroups N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N] and O (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O]. This demonstrated conclusively that multiple stages of development separated K2a from NO, which therefore constituted "grandparent" and "grandchild" clades. Poznik et al. 2016 used the name "K2a1" for the Y-DNA of some of the individuals who belonged to K2a, while also mentioning that K-M2313 did not include all examples of K2a.
As of 2022, the International Society of Genetic Genealogy refers to NO-M214 as "NO1", and to K2a /K-M2313 as "NO". There may be at least one other primary branch of NO: the ISOGG official Y-DNA haplogroup tree lists a haplogroup known as "NO1~" alongside NO-M214. The tilde indicates that its exact position of NO1~ in the phylogeny is unknown. It may be a primary branch or sibling of NO, it may be a primary branch or sibling of K2a, K-M2313, or it may instead be a primary branch of K2a.
Based on the projected origins of K2a, K-M2313, and the basal haplogroups N* and O* respectively, NO* probably originated in East Asia.
Distribution
While there is some evidence of NO* being found in living individuals, these examples are not well-researched. Further research may instead identify them as belonging to N*, N1, or the provisional subclade N2. These cases include:- 5.7% of Bouyei males, in China or Vietnam;
- a pool of four samples of Japanese males at 2.9%, particularly in Tokushima Prefecture at a rate of 5.7%, and;
- small proportions of samples from Yizu, Malays, Sô, Mongolians, Daurs, Manchurian Evenks, Hezhes, Huis, Yaos, South Koreans, Fiji, Futuna 5%, Niue 3.5%, Tuvalu 3.6%, and Samoa 3%.
Two sets of ancient remains previously considered as possibly belonging to NO have since been reclassified upstream to K2a.
- Ust'-Ishim man dates from approximately 45,000 BP and was found in Omsk Oblast, Russia.
- Oase 1: the remains found in Romania of a male who lived 37,000-42,000 years BP.
- two Han Chinese males previously found to be negative for M175 and LLY22g, have subsequently have been found to belong to N*, and;
- a clade first identified in South India, defined by the SNP M147 and labelled "pre-NO" and "Haplogroup X", among other names, was found to be a sibling of NO within Haplogroup K2 ; the new clade was renamed K2e.
Subclades
Phylogenetic tree
This phylogeny of haplogroups K2a, K2a1, and NO is based on YFull 2018, Poznik 2016, ISOGG 2018, Karafet 2008.K2a K-M2308 Found only in the ancient remains "Ust'-Ishim man" and "Oase 1". K2a1 K-M2313 Named by Poznik 2016; previously not distinguished from K2a.
- * NO K-M214 Poznik 2016 and ISOGG 2018 distinguish between NO1, N and O.
- *** N M231; CTS2947/M2175; Z4891; CTS10118
- *** O M175/P186/P191/P196; F369/M1755; F380/M1757/S27659