Territorial evolution of the British Empire

Governance

Colonies

Crown Colony

Charter colony

Proprietary colony

Chartered company

Protectorates and protected states

Dominions

Mandates

Indian Empire

British Overseas territories

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List of territories that were once a part of the British Empire

Africa

South America

Asia

Europe

Name of territory	Dates	Status	Comments
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	1960–present	Sovereign Base Areas
Alderney	1198–1204	Lordship
Alderney	1204	Fiefdom
Alderney	1205	Fiefdom
Alderney	1206–1279	Fiefdom
Alderney	1279	Briefly occupied by France
Alderney	1279–1660	Part of bailiwick of Guernsey
Alderney	1660–1825	Seigneurie
Alderney	1825	Subordinated to Guernsey
Alderney	1940–1945	Occupied by Germany
Alderney	1945	Restored to Britain
Cyprus	1878	Administration while nominally remaining part of the Ottoman Empire
Cyprus	1914	Annexation
Cyprus	1925	Crown colony
Cyprus	1960	Independence	Two sovereign base areas remain under British sovereignty; see under "Akrotiri and Dhekelia"
Dunkirk	1658–1662	Town and surrounding hinterland
Dunkirk	1662	Incorporated into France
England	927	Kingdom formed
England	1282	Conquest of principality of Gwynedd
England	1536	Annexation of Principality of Wales and Marcher Lordships into England
England	1603	Personal union with Scotland
England	1649	Republic as the Commonwealth of England. Scotland and Ireland united with England
England	1660	End of Republic. Scotland independent again but in personal union with England
England	1707	Political union with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain	Antarctic Region Name of territory Dates Status Comments British Antarctic Territory 1962–1982 Colony British Antarctic Territory 1983–2002 Dependent territory British Antarctic Territory 2002–present British Overseas Territory Atlantic Name of territory Dates Status Comments Ascension Island 1815–1922 Possession Ascension Island 1922–2009 Dependency of St Helena Ascension Island 2009–present Part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Bermuda 1612–1684 Colony Bermuda 1684–1968 Crown colony Bermuda 1968–1982 Self-governing colony Bermuda 1983–2002 Dependent territory Bermuda 2002–present British Overseas Territory Falkland Islands 1766 West Falkland settled Falkland Islands 1774 Settlement withdrawn Falkland Islands 1774–1833 Claimed Falkland Islands 1833 Settlement re-established Falkland Islands 1841–1892 Crown colony Falkland Islands 1892–1908 Colony Falkland Islands 1908–1962 Colony Falkland Islands 1962 The Falkland Islands Dependencies of South Shetland, South Orkney, and Graham Land are established as the separate colony of British Antarctic Territory Falkland Islands 1962–1982 Colony Falkland Islands 1983–2002 Dependent territory Falkland Islands 2002–present British Overseas Territory Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1588–1673 St Helena claimed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1673–1815 Possession of the East India Company Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1815–1821 Crown colony Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1821–1834 Possession of British East India Company Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1834–1982 Crown colony Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ' 1983–2002 Dependent territory Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2002–present British Overseas Territory South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 1775–1908 Claimed South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 1908–1985 Dependency of the Falkland Islands South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 1985–2002 Dependent territory South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 2002–present British Overseas Territory Tristan da Cunha Dependency of the Cape Colony Tristan da Cunha 1938–2009 Dependency of St. Helena Tristan da Cunha 2009–present Part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Indian Ocean Name of territory Dates Status Comments Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1789 British take possession of the Andaman Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1848 British take possession of the Nicobar Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1942–1945 Japanese occupation Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1947 Became part of India upon its independence Now a union territory of India Ashmore Island 1878 Annexed Ashmore Island 1931 Transferred to Australia Now administered as part of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands Cartier Island 1909–1931 Annexed Cartier Island 1931 Transferred to Australia Now administered as part of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands British Indian Ocean Territory 1810–1814 Occupied British Indian Ocean Territory 1814 Ceded to the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Paris British Indian Ocean Territory 1814–1903 Part of the colony of Seychelles British Indian Ocean Territory 1903–1965 Part of colony of Mauritius British Indian Ocean Territory 1965–1982 Colony British Indian Ocean Territory 1976 The Aldabra Group, the Des Roches islands, and the Farquhar Group/Des Roches are restored to the Seychelles British Indian Ocean Territory 1983–2002 Dependent territory British Indian Ocean Territory 2002–present British Overseas Territory Christmas Island 1888 Annexed Christmas Island 1889–90 Leased Christmas Island 1900–1942 Dependency of the colony of Straits Settlement Christmas Island 1942–1945 Japanese occupation Christmas Island 1945–46 Military administration Christmas Island 1946–1958 Dependency of the colony of Singapore Christmas Island 1958 Crown colony Christmas Island 1958 Transferred to Australia Cocos Islands 1825; 1826–1831 Settlement Cocos Islands 1831–1857 Fiefdom Cocos Islands 1857–1878 Crown colony Cocos Islands 1878–1886 Part of Ceylon Cocos Islands 1886–1942 Part of the colony of the Straits Settlements Cocos Islands 1942–1946 Part of Ceylon Cocos Islands 1946–1955 Dependency of the Colony of Singapore Cocos Islands 1955 transferred to Australia Now the Australian territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands 1833–1947 Claimed Heard Island and McDonald Islands 1947 Transferred to Australia Now the Australian territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands Maldives 1796–1953 Protectorate Maldives 1953–54 Republic Maldives 1954–1965 Protectorate See also the United Suvadive Republic Maldives 1965 Independence Mauritius 1809 Occupation of Rodrigues Mauritius 1810–1968 Colony Mauritius 1814 Formal cession by the Treaty of Paris Mauritius 1965 The Chagos Archipelago is transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius 1968 Independence Seychelles 1794–1810 Occupied Seychelles 1810–1814 Colony subordinated to Mauritius Seychelles 1814 Formal cession by the Treaty of Paris Seychelles 1814–1903 Colony Seychelles 1903–1970 Crown colony Seychelles 1970–1975 Self-governing colony Seychelles 1975–76 Self-rule Seychelles 1976 Independence Australasia and the Pacific Name of territory Dates Status Comments Australia 1901–1942 Dominion Australia 1942-present Adopted the Statute of Westminster into domestic law Still continues as a realm/dominion Baker Island 1886–1934 Claimed Now a territory of the United States Bonin Islands 1827–1876 Claimed Bonin Islands 1876 Annexed by Japan British New Guinea 1884–1886 Protectorate British New Guinea 1886–1906 Colony British New Guinea 1906 Transferred to Australia Now part of Papua New Guinea Cook Islands 1888–1891 Protectorate Cook Islands 1891–1900 Federation Cook Islands 1900 Annexed by New Zealand Cook Islands 1965 Self-governance Coral Sea Islands 1879–1969 Part of Queensland, Australia Coral Sea Islands 1969 Became an Australian external territory Fiji 1874–1877 Colony Fiji 1877–1952 Colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Fiji 1952–1970 Colony Fiji 1970 Independence Friendly Islands 1889–1900 Tripartite protectorate Friendly Islands 1900–1952 Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Friendly Islands 1952–1970 Protectorate Friendly Islands 1970 Independence Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892–1916 Protectorate Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1916–1975 Crown colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories until 1971 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1975 The Gilbert and Ellice Islands are split into the two separate colonies of the Gilbert Islands and Tuvalu Gilbert Islands 1975–76 Crown colony Gilbert Islands 1976–1979 Colony Gilbert Islands 1979 Independent as "Kiribati" Howland Island 1886–1935 Claimed Now a territory of the United States Jarvis Island 1889–1935 Annexed Now a territory of the United States Lord Howe Island 1788–1834 Claimed Lord Howe Island 1834–1855 Settlement Now part of New South Wales Macquarie Island 1810–1890 Part of the colony of New South Wales Macquarie Island 1890–present Part of Tasmania Nauru - - - Nauru 1920–1942 League of Nations mandate Nauru 1942–1945 Japanese occupation Nauru 1945–1947 League of Nations mandate Nauru 1947–1968 United Nations Trust Territory Nauru 1968 Independence New Hebrides 1824–1878 Protectorate New Hebrides 1878–1887 Neutral territory New Hebrides 1887–1906 Joint naval commission New Hebrides 1906–1976 Condominium with France, administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories New Hebrides 1976–1980 Condominium New Hebrides 1980 Independent as "Vanuatu" New South Wales 1788–1900 Colony New South Wales 1901–present State of Australia New Zealand 1769–1788 Claimed New Zealand 1788–1835 Part of New South Wales New Zealand 1835 Declared independence New Zealand 1835–1840 Protectorate New Zealand 1840–41 Part of New South Wales New Zealand 1841–1907 Colony New Zealand 1907–1947 Dominion of New Zealand New Zealand 1947 Adopted the Statute of Westminster into domestic law Still a realm/dominion Niue 1889–1900 Tripartite protectorate Niue 1900–01 Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Niue 1901 Annexed to New Zealand Norfolk Island 1788–1844 Part of New South Wales Norfolk Island 1844–1856 Part of Van Diemen's Land Norfolk Island 1856–1897 Subordinated to New South Wales Norfolk Island 1897 Dependency of New South Wales Palmyra Atoll 1889 Annexed Palmyra Atoll 1898 Annexed by the United States Pitcairn Islands 1838–1887 Protectorate Pitcairn Islands 1887–1898 Colony Pitcairn Islands 1898–1970 Colony administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Pitcairn Islands 1970–1982 Colony Pitcairn Islands 1983–2002 Dependent territory Pitcairn Islands 2002–present British Overseas Territory Queensland 1824–1859 Part of the colony of New South Wales Queensland 1859–1900 Colony Queensland 1901–present State of Australia Samoan Islands 1889–1900 Tripartite protectorate Sandwich Islands 1794 – 10 February 1843 Protectorate Sandwich Islands 10 February 1843 – 31 July 1843 Ceded to Britain Solomon Islands 1889–1893 Tripartite protectorate Solomon Islands 1893–1942 Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Solomon Islands 1942–1943 Japanese occupation Solomon Islands 1943–1971 Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Solomon Islands 1971–1973 protectorate Solomon Islands 1973–1976 Autonomy Solomon Islands 1975 Renamed from "British Solomon Islands" to "Solomon Islands" Solomon Islands 1976–1978 Self-government Solomon Islands 1978 Independence South Australia 1788–1836 Part of the colony of New South Wales South Australia 1836–1900 Province South Australia 1901–present State of Australia Tasmania 1803–1825 Part of New South Wales Tasmania 1825–1900 Colony Tasmania 1856 Renamed as "Tasmania" Tasmania 1901–present State of Australia Tokelau 1889–1898 Protectorate Tokelau 1898–1916 Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories Tokelau 1916–1949 Part of colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands Transferred to New Zealand Tokelau 1949 Transferred to New Zealand Torres Strait Islands 1879–present Part of Queensland Tuvalu 1975–76 Colony administered with the same Governor of Gilbert Islands colony Tuvalu 1976–1978 Colony Tuvalu 1978 Independence Victoria 1839–1851 Part of colony of New South Wales Victoria 1851–1900 Colony Victoria 1901–present State of Australia Western Australia 1791–1829 King George Sound settled Western Australia 1829–1832 Swan River Colony Western Australia 1832–1900 Colony Western Australia 1901–present State of Australia Treaties and acts of Parliament, etc. This is a listing of the more important treaties, acts of Parliament, and other legal instruments and events affecting the nature and territorial extent of the British Empire. Effective date Name of treaty, etc. Territorial effect 1536/1543 Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Wales annexed to the Kingdom of England 1606 First Virginia Charter Granted the Virginia Company the right to colonize the modern-day East Coast of the United States, with the London Company establishing the Colony of Virginia at Jamestown and the Plymouth Company receiving the right to colonize what would become New England 1613–1753 Covenant Chain Series of treaties and alliances between Native American tribes such as the Iroquois Confederacy and British America 1621 Mayflower Compact Established the legal and constitutional system of the Plymouth Colony 1628 Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company Established the Massachusetts Bay Company to colonize the region 1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Established English towns in the Connecticut River Valley as the Connecticut Colony 1651–1696 Navigation Acts Regulated trade between England and its overseas colonies through mercantilist policies, prohibiting them each from importing certain commodities to countries outside the British Empire and from producing certain products imported by the other 1663 Rhode Island Royal Charter Granted legal recognition to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1664 Articles of Surrender of New Netherland Annexed the Dutch colony of New Netherland to England as the Province of New York 1652 1652 Articles of Peace and Friendship Ceded Susquehannock land at the mouth of the Susquehanna River to white settlers from the Province of Maryland 1682 Frame of Government of Pennsylvania Established political and constitutional system of Province of Pennsylvania 1669 Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina Established political and constitutional system of Province of Carolina 1691 Massachusetts Charter Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony 1701 Nanfan Treaty Granted British recognition of Iroquois control of land seized in Beaver Wars 1707 Acts of Union 1707 Scotland and England unite as the Kingdom of Great Britain 1713 Treaty of Utrecht Spain cedes Gibraltar to Britain. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson Bay and Acadie to Britain. 1749–1764 New Hampshire Grants Allowed for colonization in what would become Vermont 1758 Treaty of Easton Returned Ohio Country to undisputed Native American control in exchange for assistance in French and Indian War 1763 Treaty of Paris France cedes all its territories in America to Britain except Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands. 1763 Royal Proclamation of 1763 Established trans-Appalachia as an "Indian Reserve" and prohibited white colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains 1765 Stamp Act Issued direct tax on stamped paper in British America, led to the beginning of the American Revolution due to opposition to "taxation without representation" 1766 Declaratory Act Repealed the stamp tax but declared that the Parliament of Great Britain virtually represented colonies and could pass legally biding legislation and taxes on their behalf 1767–1768 Townshend Acts Series of legislation introducing taxes on British America 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix Established Line of Property dividing the Indian Reserve from the Thirteen Colonies, as well as adding modern-day Kentucky and West Virginia to it 1773 Regulating Act 1773 Reformed Company rule in India 1774 Intolerable Acts Series of laws to punish the Thirteen Colonies for the Boston Tea Party protest during the American Revolution, major cause of the American Revolutionary War 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States The Thirteen Colonies assert independence 1783 Second Treaty of Paris Great Britain formally recognises the independence of the United States. End of the American Revolution. 1784 Pitt's India Act Established Crown political control over Company rule in India 1788 New South Wales is established by settlement as a penal colony 1791 Constitution Act The Province of Quebec is divided in two sections Upper Canada and Lower Canada. 1801 Act of Union 1800 Ireland unites with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1813 Charter Act 1813 Renewed the British East India Company's royal charter but discontinued its commercial monopoly over India with the exception of tea, opium, and trade with China 1814 Third Treaty of Paris France cedes the Seychelles to Britain and Malta officially becomes a colony 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand Asserted the sovereign independence of the United Tribes of New Zealand 1840 Treaty of Waitangi New Zealand becomes a British colony 1850 Australian Constitutions Act 1850 Separated Port Phillip District from Colony of New South Wales to form the Colony of Victoria, and provided for similar processes to occur in Van Diemen's Land and South Australia 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 Granted responsible government to the Colony of New Zealand 1858 Government of India Act 1858 Ended Company rule in India by transferring political authority over the presidencies and provinces of British India from the British East India Company directly to the British Crown, creating the British Raj 1865 Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 Allowed all colonial legislation to have full effect in the colonies as long as it did not interfere with Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom extending to the colony, preventing colonial statutes from being judicially overruled under English law 1867 British North America Act 1867 The Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia federate as Canada 1870 Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are annexed to Canada 1871 British Columbia becomes a province of Canada 1876 Proclamation under the Royal Titles Act 1876 Queen Victoria adopts the title "Empress of India" 1899 Joint British-Egyptian condominium established over Sudan 1901 Proclamation under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act The Commonwealth of Australia is formed by the federation of the colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania 1910 Proclamation under the South Africa Act 1909 Union of South Africa formed by the federation of the colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony 1912 Government of India Act 1912 Issued political reforms in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal 1914 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Granted Irish Home Rule, with autonomous devolved government to take control of Ireland 1914 Suspensory Act 1914 Delayed Irish Home Rule until the end of World War I 1914 Cyprus Order in Council 1914 Cyprus formally annexed 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic The Irish Volunteers, Irish Citizen Army, and Irish Republican Brotherhood proclaim the Irish Republic. 1919 Irish Declaration of Independence The Dáil Éireann declares the independence of the Irish Republic, which is not recognized by the British government and begins the Irish War of Independence. 1919 Government of India Act 1919 Granted limited responsible government for India, including a reformed Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial Councils 1920 Kenya Order in Council 1920 Most of the East Africa Protectorate is annexed as the Colony of Kenya 1920 Government of Ireland Act 1920 Partitioned Ireland into autonomous regions of Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland due to Irish War of Independence 1922 Anglo-Irish Treaty Southern Ireland is separated from the United Kingdom as the Irish Free State 1922 Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence Egypt becomes independent 1926 Balfour Declaration of 1926 Declared the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status" and established the Commonwealth of Nations 1930 Purna Swaraj The Indian National Congress declared the Indian subcontinent's right to independence. 1931 Statute of Westminster Canada, the Irish Free State, and the Union of South Africa obtain effective sovereignty 1934 Financial difficulties result in Newfoundland losing its status as a dominion 1935 Government of India Act 1935 Permitted limited provincial autonomy and autonomous institutions for India incl. the princely states, as well as separating Burma from India 1942 Australia adopts the Statute of Westminster, backdated to 1939 1947 New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947 New Zealand adopts the Statute of Westminster 1947 Indian Independence Act 1947 India is partitioned into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan 1948 Republic of Ireland Act 1948 Abolished the Irish monarchy and replaced it with a democratically elected President of Ireland, severing final constitutional links between the United Kingdom and Ireland 1948 King George VI relinquishes the title "Emperor of India" 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence The Jewish community of Mandatory Palestine declares independence as the State of Israel 1949 Ireland Act 1949 British Parliament recognizes the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 1949 Newfoundland Act Newfoundland becomes a province of Canada 1949 London Declaration Allowed continued Indian membership in the Commonwealth of Nations after the abolition of the Indian monarchy 1955 Buganda Agreement (1955) Reestablished Mutesa II as constitutional monarch of Kingdom of Buganda after the Kabaka crisis 1957 Malayan Declaration of Independence The Federation of Malaya declares independence. 1957–1958 Lancaster House Agreements (Nigeria) Negotiated independence of Nigeria from the British Empire as well as its post-colonial legal and constitutional system 1960 The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria becomes independent 1960–1963 Lancaster House Agreements (Kenya) Negotiated independence of Kenya from the British Empire as well as its post-colonial legal and constitutional system 1961 Buganda Agreement (1965) Negotiated independence of Uganda from the British Empire as well as its post-colonial legal and constitutional system 1962 Jamaica becomes independent 1963 Malaysia Agreement Transferred North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore from the British Empire to Malaya, renamed Malaysia under the agreement 1965 Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Declared independence of Rhodesia from the British Empire, not recognized by the British government under principle of no independence before majority rule 1966 Barbados Independence Act 1966 Declared independence of Barbados from the British Empire 1970 Instruments of Independence Fiji becomes independent 1971 Singapore Declaration Identified the Commonwealth of Nations as a "voluntary association of independent sovereign states" 1979 Lancaster House Agreement Agreement between Zimbabwe Rhodesia and the black nationalist groups ZANU and ZAPU ending the Rhodesian Bush War and temporarily resuming British control in preparation for majority rule and independence as Zimbabwe 1982 Canada Act 1982 Completed patriation of Constitution of Canada by ending British Parliament's authority to make laws and constitutional amendments related to Canada, severing final constitutional links between the two 1983 The status of "colony" is renamed "dependent territory" 1986 Constitution Act 1986 Severed final constitutional links between Britain and New Zealand, including the British Parliament's abilities to make laws related to New Zealand 1986 Australia Act 1986 Severed final constitutional links between Britain and Australia, including the British Parliament's abilities to make laws related to Australia. 1997 Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong is transferred to the People's Republic of China 2002 The status of "British Dependent Territory" is renamed "British Overseas Territory" Concessions in China Country Concession Location Year established Year dissolved Note International Shanghai International Settlement Shanghai 1863 1945 Formed from the British and American concessions International Beijing Legation Quarter Beijing 1861 1945 International Kulangsu International Settlement Xiamen 1903 1945 United Kingdom New Territories, Hong Kong Hong Kong 1898 1997 United Kingdom Weihaiwei leased territory Weihai 1898 1930 Liugong Island remained under British control as a separate territory until 1940 United Kingdom Liugong Island Weihai 1930 1940 Formerly part of Weihaiwei leased territory since 1898 United Kingdom British concession of Tianjin Tianjin 1860 1945 United Kingdom British concession of Hankou Hankou 1861 1927 United Kingdom British Concession of Jiujiang Jiujiang 1861 1929 United Kingdom British concession of Zhenjiang Zhenjiang 1861 1929 United Kingdom British concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou Guangzhou 1861 1945 United Kingdom British concession of Amoy Xiamen 1852 1930 United Kingdom British concession of Dalian Dalian 1858 1860 United Kingdom British concession of Shanghai Shanghai 1846 1863 Merged to form Shanghai International Settlement United Kingdom Trading warehouses at Tengchong Yunnan Late 19th/early 20th century. Still standing, with bullet holes. British diplomat Augustus Margary was murdered here in 1875. Consulate built 1921. Additionally, there were more concessions were planned but never completed. Country Planned Concession Location United Kingdom British concession of Yingkou Yingkou United Kingdom British concession of Jiangning Nanjing United Kingdom British concession of Yichang Yichang United Kingdom British concession of Wuhu Wuhu United Kingdom British concession of Wenzhou Wenzhou Territorial claims in Antarctica United Kingdom 1908–present * Falkland Islands Dependencies 1908–1962 * British Antarctic Territory 1962–present New Zealand 1923–present * Ross Dependency 1923–present Australia 1933–present * Australian Antarctic Territory 1933–present South Africa 1947-present * Prince Edward Islands 1947-present