Ciao


Ciao is an informal salutation in the Italian language that is used for both "hello" and "goodbye".
Originally from the Venetian language, it has entered the vocabulary of English and of many other languages around the world. Its dual meaning of "hello" and "goodbye" makes it similar to S-L-M in Arabic, annyeong in Korean, aloha in Hawaiian, dorud in Persian, and chào in Vietnamese.

Etymology

The word derives from the Venetian phrase s-ciào vostro or s-ciào su, literally meaning " your slave". This greeting is analogous to the medieval Latin servus which is still used colloquially in parts of Central/Eastern Europe, or the antiquated English valediction Your Obedient Servant. The expression was not a literal statement of fact, but rather a perfunctory promise of good will among friends. The Venetian word for "slave", s-ciào or s-ciàvo, derives from Medieval Latin sclavus, a loanword from Medieval Greek Σκλάβος, related to the ethnic "Slavic", since most of the slaves at that time came from the Balkans.
This greeting was eventually shortened to ciào, lost all its servile connotations and came to be used as an informal salutation by speakers of all classes. In modern Italian language, the word is used as an exclamation of resignation, as in Oh, va be', ciao!. A Milanese tongue-twister says Se gh'hinn gh'hinn; se gh'hinn nò, s'ciào.

Spread

The Venetian ciào was adopted by Northern Italian people during the late 19th and early 20th century. Later it became common elsewhere in Italy with the spelling ciao. It has since spread to many countries in Europe, along with other items of the Italian culture. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the greeting spread to the Americas—especially Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Panama and Argentina – largely by way of Italian immigrants. In today's Cuba, ciao as a closing in letters has largely replaced the more traditional adiós, with its religious implications, for many young people. Ciao has also permeated Australian culture, becoming a popular greeting among descendants of Italian immigrants. It is also common in some varieties of South African English. Ciao has also been used in some parts of Romania as a way to say 'goodbye'. Serbo-Croatian-speaking countries use ciao as both a greeting and a parting interjection.
Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms, which is set in northeast Italy during World War I, is credited with bringing the word into the English language.

Usage as greeting

In contemporary Italian usage, ciao is interchangeable for both an informal hello and goodbye, much like aloha in Hawaiian, salām in Arabic, shalom in Hebrew and annyeong in Korean. In Italy, ciao is mainly used in informal contexts, i.e. among family members, relatives, and friends, in other words, with those one would address with the familiar tu as opposed to Lei ; in these contexts, ciao can be the norm even as a morning or evening salutation, in lieu of buon giorno or buona sera, deemed too formal among friends, relatives, or the very familiar.
In other languages, ciao has come to have more specific meanings. The following list summarizes the spelling and uses of salutations derived from ciao in various languages and countries.
  • Albanian: çao
  • Amharic: ቻው, chaw
  • Bulgarian: чао, chao
  • Catalan: ciao, txao
  • Czech: ciao, čau, also čauky, čauves, čauky mňauky and čau čau
  • Dutch: ciao
  • English: ciao
  • Estonian: "tšau", also "tšauki" - sometimes pronounced with "s"
  • French: ciao, tchao, tchô. "Tchao" is slang in French. In 1983, this word was used in the title of the popular movie Tchao, pantin. The variant tchô was popularised by the comic book Titeuf Tchô, monde cruel.
  • German: ciao, tschau
  • Greek: τσάο, tsao
  • Hebrew: צ'או chao
  • Hungarian: csáó or the more informal csá or cső
  • Italian: ciao also "ciao ciao".
  • Japanese: チャオ, chao also チャオチャオ chao chao.
  • Latvian: čau
  • Lithuanian: čiau
  • Macedonian: чао, čao
  • Malay: چاو دولو, cau dulu ; used informally in Malaysia by the leaving party. The word "cau" can be used informally as a verb which means "leave"
  • Maltese: ċaw ; also ċaw ċaw
  • Neapolitan: cià
  • Polish: ciao
  • Portuguese: tchau, tchau tchau, or tchauzinho ; in Portugal xau is also used, without the "t" sound, especially in written informal language such as SMS or web chats
  • Romanian: ciao ; it is often written as ceau although this form is not officially in the Romanian vocabulary
  • Russian: чау, чао, chao; ; also jokingly - чао-какао, chao-kakao
  • Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian: ćao / ћао
  • Sicilian: ciau
  • Slovak: čau ; mostly as "goodbye", but stands in for "hello" primarily in informal written communication and phone calls because it is more character-efficient/shorter and more hip than the Slovak "ahoj"
  • Slovene: ciao, čau or čaw ; also čaw čaw
  • Somali: ciao
  • Spanish: in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay the word chau is the most common expression for "goodbye". In Chile, chao is the standard farewell. In Spain, where "adios" is the common expression, people can use chao as an original way of saying goodbye.
  • Swiss-German: ciao/Tschau
  • Tigrinya: ቻው, chaw
  • Turkish: çav
  • Venetian: ciào
In some languages, such as Latvian, the vernacular version of ciao has become the most common form of informal salutation.
The Vietnamese chào is phonetically similar but not etymologically related.

Variations

The dominant use in Latin America uses the term solely as farewell rather than as a greeting.
The greeting has several variations and minor uses. In Italian and Portuguese, for example, a doubled ciao ciao/tchau tchau means specifically "goodbye", whilst the tripled or quadrupled word means "Bye, I'm in a hurry!"
Pronounced with a long, it means "Hello, I'm so glad to meet you!" in Italian, and a sarcastic or humorous use of "bye!" in Portuguese. It can be used in Italian to express sarcasm at another person's point of view about one topic, especially when that opinion sounds outdated, in which case the meaning is comparable to the English "Yeah, right!"
In all these cases, however, the special meaning is conferred more by the vocal inflection than by the modified use.