Š-L-M


Shin-Lamedh-Mem is a triconsonantal root of many Semitic words. The root meaning translates to "whole, safe, intact, unharmed, to go free, without blemish". Its earliest known form is in the name of Shalim, the ancient god of dusk of Ugarit. Derived from this are meanings of "to be safe, secure, at peace", hence "well-being, health" and passively "to be secured, pacified, submitted".
  • Central Semitic Š-L-M
  • *, S-L-M
  • **
  • *, Š-L-M
  • *Canaanite: Š-L-M
  • **Hebrew:, Š-L-M
  • East Semitic S-L-M
  • South Semitic "S-L-M"
  • *, S-L-M
Arabic As-salamu alaykum|, Maltese sliem, Hebrew Shalom|, Ge'ez sälam, Syriac šlama , Mandaic šlama are cognate Semitic terms for 'peace', deriving from a Proto-Semitic *šalām-.
Given names related to the same root include Solomon, Absalom, Selim, Salem, Salim, Salma, Salmah, Salman, Selimah, Shelimah, Salome, Szlama etc.
Arabic, Hebrew, Ge'ez, and Aramaic have cognate expressions meaning 'peace be upon you' used as a greeting:
  • Arabic: As-salāmu ʻalaykum is used to greet others and is an Arabic equivalent of 'hello'. The appropriate response to such a greeting is "and upon you be peace".
  • * Maltese: Sliem għalikom.
  • Hebrew: Shālôm ʻalêḵem is the equivalent of the Arabic expression, the response being ʻAlêḵem shālôm, 'upon you be peace'.
  • Ge'ez: Selami ālikayimi
  • Neo-Aramaic: šlámaloxun, Šlama 'lokh, classically, Šlām lakh ܫܠܡ ܠܟ.

    East Semitic

In the Amarna letters, a few of the 382 letters discuss the exchange of "peace gifts", greeting-gifts between the Pharaoh and the other ruler involving the letter. Examples are Zita, and Tushratta of Mitanni. Also, Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon,.
Šalām is also used in letter introductions to express the authors' health. An example letter EA19, from Tushratta to Pharaoh, states:
In Akkadian:
  • Salimatu "alliance"
  • Salimu "peace, concord"
  • Shalamu "to be whole, safe; to recover; to succeed, prosper"
  • Shulmu "health, well-being"; also a common greeting

    Northwest Semitic

The Koine Greek New Testament text uses eirēnē for 'peace', which perhaps represents Jesus saying 'šlama'; this Greek form became the northern feminine name Irene. In the Epistles, it often occurs alongside the usual Greek greeting chairein in the phrase 'grace and peace'. However, comparison of the Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic Old Testament texts shows some instances where shalom was translated instead as soteria.
In Hebrew:
  • Shalom
  • Mushlam – perfect
  • Shalem – whole, complete
  • Lehashlim – to complete, fill in; to reconcile
  • Leshallem – to pay
  • Tashlum – payment
  • Shillumim – reparations
  • Lehishtallem – to be worth it, to "pay"
  • Absalom – a personal name, literally means 'Father Peace'.
In Aramaic:
The Arabic word salām is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Arabic and Islamic speech and writing. "Al-Salām" is one of the 99 names of God in Islam, and also a male given name in conjunction with Servant |. ʻAbd al-Salām translates to 'Servant of Peace', i.e. of Allah.
  • سلام wikt:Special:Search/salaam| 'Peace'
  • السلام عليكم As-Salamu Alaykum| 'Peace be upon you'
  • إسلام ' 'Submission'
  • مسلم ' 'One who submits'
  • تسليم ' – 'Delivering peace – giving a salutation or a submission'
  • استسلام ' – 'The act of submitting, surrenderring'
  • مستسلم ' – 'One who submits, surrenders'
  • سالم ' – 'subject of SLM – its SLM, 'the vase is SLM', 'the vase is whole, unbroken'
  • مُسَلَّم ' – 'undisputed'
  • Catholic Church: in the rosary: السلام عليك يا مريم ' 'Hail Mary'.
In Maltese:
  • Sliem – 'peace'
  • Sielem - 'peaceful'
  • Sellem – 'to greet, to salute'
  • Tislima - 'a greeting, a salutation'
  • Sliema - 'a town in Malta'

    Arabic ''Islām''

The word إسلام ' is a verbal noun derived from s-l-m, meaning "submission", which may be interpreted as humility. "One who submits" is signified by the participle مسلم, '.
The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses, the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam." Other verses connect islām and dīn : "Today, I have perfected your religion for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion." Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.

Given names

  • Salam
  • Salman
  • Salim
  • Selim
  • Suleim
  • Suleiman