Adygea


Adygea, officially the Republic of Adygea or the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is a part of the Southern Federal District, and covers an area of, with a population of roughly 500,731 residents as at 2025. It is an enclave within Krasnodar Krai and is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area. Maykop is the capital and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.
Adygea is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form a majority at 60%, and with minority populations of Armenians and Ukrainians. The official languages of Adygea are Adyghe and Russian.
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History

The Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of the Kuban-Black Sea Oblast, primarily settled by the Adyghe people. At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the Russian SFSR, but on October 17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created North Caucasus Krai within the RSFSR.
It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of the new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.
On July 3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The first President of the republic was Aslan Dzharimov, elected on 5 January 1992.
Relations between the Adyghe and ethnic Russians in Adygea are currently good. Russians make up two-thirds of the population within Adygea. The current Head of Adygea is Murat Kumpilov.

Geography

Adygea lies in Russia's Southern Federal District of Eastern Europe, in the foothills of the Northwestern Caucasus in the Caucasus Mountains System, with plains in the northern areas and mountains in the southern area. Forests cover almost 40% of its territory.

Rivers

The long Kuban River is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between the Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai.

Other rivers include:

Lakes

The republic has no large lakes. However, it has several reservoirs:
  • , the largest in North Caucasus
  • Oktyabrskoye Reservoir
  • Shapsug Reservoir
  • Tshchikskoye Reservoir
  • Shendzhiyskoye Reservoir
  • Chetukskoye Reservoir
  • Kuzhorskoye Reservoir
  • Maykop Reservoir

Mountains

The republic's major mountains and peaks range in height from, and include:

Natural resources

The republic is rich in oil and natural gas. Other natural resources include gold, silver, tungsten, and iron.

Climate

  • Average January temperature:
  • Average July temperature:
  • Average annual precipitation:
February 15, 2010, recorded the absolute maximum for the winter months—in the capital, the city of Maykop, the temperature was.

Politics

The chief executive of the government of the Republic of Adygea is the Head, who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the Adyghe language is a prerequisite for the candidate.
The current Head, Murat Kumpilov, succeeded Aslan Tkhakushinov, initially as acting Head of the region. There is also a directly elected State [Council of the Republic of Adygea|State Council], which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.
The Republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the State Duma and the other two to the Federation Council.
The Constitution of the Republic of Adygea was adopted on May 14, 1995.

Administrative divisions

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts, two cities/towns, and five urban-type settlements. Municipally, the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46 rural settlements.
  • Note "м.р." above is an abbreviation for "муниципальный район"

Demographics

  • Population:
20192021
Average:73.8 years71.2 years
Male:69.1 years66.6 years
Female:78.4 years75.8 years

  • Life expectancy:

Vital statistics

Average populationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate Crude death rate Natural change Fertility rates
1970386,0005,6813,3072,37414.78.66.2-
1975396,0005,9003,9071,99314.99.95.0-
1980409,0006,6104,8281,78216.211.84.4-
1985423,0006,9665,2831,68316.512.54.0-
1990436,0006,1715,37579614.212.31.82.06
1991439,0005,9125,905713.513.50.01.96
1992444,0005,3065,969- 66312.013.5-1.51.73
1993447,0004,7746,662-1 88810.714.9-4.21.54
1994449,0004,9076,519-1 61210.914.5-3.61.59
1995450,0004,7986,475-1 67710.714.4-3.71.55
1996450,0004,6256,382-1 75710.314.2-3.91.49
1997450,0004,4306,302-1 8729.814.0-4.21.42
1998451,0004,3406,245-1 9059.613.9-4.21.38
1999450,0003,8796,215-2 3368.613.8-5.21.22
2000448,0004,0716,710-2 6399.115.0-5.91.27
2001447,0004,2126,566-2 3549.414.7-5.31.31
2002447,0004,5406,715-2 17510.215.0-4.91.39
2003446,0004,6346,929-2 29510.415.6-5.21.40
2004444,0004,6486,645-1 99710.515.0-4.51.37
2005443,0004,5506,726-2 17610.315.2-4.91.32
2006441,0004,6066,686-2 08010.415.2-4.71.33
2007440,0005,2106,454-1 24411.814.7-2.81.50
2008440,0005,6016,558- 95712.714.9-2.21.60
2009439,0005,5136,219- 70612.514.2-1.61.66
2010439,0005,7216,065- 47613.014.1-1.11.70
2011441,0005,5116,197- 55412.513.8-1.31.66
2012444,0005,7005,924- 22412.913.4-0.51.71
2013445,0005,5685,814- 24612.513.1-0.61.68
2014448,0005,6995,938- 23912.713.3-0.61.73
2015450,0005,6135,841- 22812.513.0-0.51.72
2016453,0005,4515,818- 36712.112.9-0.81.69
2017453,0004,7585,734- 97610.512.7-2.2
20194,1845,654- 1,4709.112.3-3.2
20204,4196,154- 1,7359.513.3-3.8

Ethnic groups

According to the 2021 Census, ethnic Russians make up 64.4% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic Adyghe are 25.7%. Other groups include Armenians, Kurds, Romani people and Ukrainians.
  1. 50,304 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
  2. Including 397 Kabardins and 16,133 Cherkess.

Religions

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 23.6% to Islam, 3% are unaffiliated Christians and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or are members of other Orthodox churches. In addition, 19.8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.

Education

Adyghe State University and Maykop State Technological University, both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

Economy

Even though it is one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing grain, sunflowers, tea, tobacco, and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.
Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

Transportation

There is a small airport in Maykop. Several rail lines pass through the republic.

Culture

The Adyghe language is a member of the Northwest Caucasian language family. Along with Russian, Adyghe is the official language of the republic.
There are 8 state and 23 public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

Notable people