1877 in science

The year 1877 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Events

June 19 – Eadweard Muybridge successfully produces a fast-motion sequence of photographs showing a horse in movement, Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, using multiple cameras at Palo Alto, California, demonstrating that a running horse has all four legs lifted off the ground at once. The sequence could be run on a Zoopraxiscope.

August 12 – American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the smaller of the two moons of Mars. On August 18, he discovers the larger, Phobos.

Ludwig Boltzmann establishes statistical derivations of many important physical and chemical concepts, including entropy, and distributions of molecular velocities in the gas phase.

October 2 – Berlin urologist Maximilian Nitze and Viennese instrument-maker Josef Leiter introduce the first practical cystourethroscope with an electric light source.
Adolph Kussmaul first describes dyslexia as "word-blindness".
William Macewen at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary develops the first bone grafts, and also performs knee surgery using a special instrument, for the treatment of rickets.
Patrick Manson studies animal carriers of infectious diseases.

March 28 – Frederick Wolseley is granted his first patent for a sheep shearing machine.
April 30 – French poet Charles Cros describes a method of recording sound, the Paleophone.
June – Emile Berliner files a patent for a "combined telegraph and telephone" incorporating a microphone.
June 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario.
September 4 – Louis Brennan patents the Brennan torpedo.
October – Emile Berliner files a patent for a telephone with induction coils.
November 4 – Opening of Gustave Eiffel's Maria Pia Bridge carrying the railway across the Douro into Porto, Portugal.
November 29 – Thomas Edison first demonstrates his phonograph sound recording machine.
December 13 – Thomas Edison files a patent for "telephones or speaking-telegraphs" incorporating a microphone.
Surveyor and inventor George R. Carey of Boston, Massachusetts, creates a selenium telectroscope — a camera that can project a moving image to a distant point, an ancestor of television. Constantin Senlecq of Ardres, France, develops the same idea independently at about the same time.

Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie is founded by Felix Hoppe-Seyler.