1830

It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy.

Events

January–March

January 11 – LaGrange College begins operation, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.
January 12–27 – Webster–Hayne debate: In the United States Congress, Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates against Daniel Webster of Massachusetts about the question of states' rights vs. federal authority.
February 3 – The London Protocol establishes the full independence and sovereignty of Greece from the Ottoman Empire, as the result of the Greek War of Independence.
February 5 – A fire destroys the Argyll Rooms in London, where the Philharmonic Society of London presents concerts, but firefighters are able to prevent its further spread by use of their new equipment, steam-powered fire engines.
March 26 – The Book of Mormon, subtitled "An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi", is first published, with E. B. Grandin printing the original edition in Palmyra, New York.
March 28 – The Java War ends with the capture of Prince Diponegoro during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.

April–June

April 6 – Joseph Smith and five others organize the Church of Christ, the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.
May 13 – Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.
May 15 – The Royal Swedish Yacht Club is founded.
May 28 – The Indian Removal Act is signed into law by U.S. President Andrew Jackson, beginning the "Trail of Tears" with the forced relocation of more than 60,000 Indigenous Americans from the Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations from the southeastern United States to what is now the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The relocation is accomplished by the end of 1838. In addition to the five tribes, thousands of Indian-owned black slaves are moved as well, and the move has the effect of beginning mass destruction of bison in North America.
June 12 – 7.5 magnitude earthquake kills more than 7,400 people in the Chinese province of Hebei.
June 26 – William IV succeeds his brother George IV, as King of the United Kingdom.

July–September

July 5 – French invasion of Algiers, leading to creation of French Algeria.
July 13 – The General Assembly's Institution, one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.
July 17 – Barthélemy Thimonnier is granted a French patent for a sewing machine: it chain stitches at 200/minute.
July 18 – Uruguay adopts its first constitution.
July 20 – Greece grants citizenship to Romaniote Jews.
July 26 – The July Revolution in France begins when people in Paris rebel against the July Ordinances, issued earlier in the day at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France.
July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die.
July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris.
July 31 – King Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet.
August 2 – King Charles X abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne.
August 9 – Louis Philippe, the "Citizen King", becomes King of the French.
August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe.
August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands.
August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower.
September 15 – The opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives, takes place in England, UK.
September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels; a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier.

October–December

October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium.
October 20 – Thomas Cochrane is granted a patent for the first airlock.
October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins: more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons.
November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France.
November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.
November 22
* The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
* On what becomes called "the Ustertag", men of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland gather to demand a new constitution.
November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.
December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris.
December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.

Date unknown

10,000 chests of opium are sold in China.
Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store.
Sogo, a Japanese department store brand founded in Osaka, Japan, as predecessor part of Seven & I Retail Group.
The Entuzjastki society is founded in Poland.
The Glyptothek museum of classical sculpture, commissioned by King Ludwig I of Bavaria, is opened as Munich's first public museum.

Births

Deaths

January–June

January 7
* Thomas Lawrence, English painter
* John Campbell, Australian public servant and politician
* Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal
January 19 – Johann Schweighäuser, German classical scholar
January 25 – Benito de Soto, Galician pirate, executed
January 26 – Filippo Castagna, Maltese politician
February 2 – Manoel da Costa Ataíde, Brazilian painter
February 22 – William Badger, master shipbuilder
February 23 – Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine, French-born Polish painter
March 2 – Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, German physician, anatomist
March 7 – Jacques Villeré, first Creole governor of Louisiana
March 16 – Sir Robert Farquhar, British merchant, colonial governor and politician
March 17 – Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French marshal
April 14 – Erike Kirstine Kolstad, Norwegian actress
June 1 – Swaminarayan, Indian yogi, central figure in Swaminarayan Hinduism
June 4 – Antonio José de Sucre, Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman
June 26 – King George IV of the United Kingdom

July–December

August 6 – David Walker, African-American abolitionist
August 24 – Louis Pierre Vieillot, French ornithologist
September 18 – William Hazlitt, English essayist
September 23
* Alice Flowerdew, British teacher, poet, and hymnwriter,
* Elizabeth Monroe, First Lady of the United States
October 4 – Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg, Prussian military leader
October 5 – Dinicu Golescu, Romanian writer
October 11 – José de La Mar, military leader, President of Peru
October 31 – Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, ruler of Montenegro
November 8 – Francis I of the Two Sicilies
November 18 – Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher
November 30 – Pope Pius VIII, Italian pontiff
December 6 – Morton Eden, 1st Baron Henley, British diplomat
December 8 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer
December 17 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan revolutionary leader, statesman

Date unknown

Temerl Bergson, Polish Jewish businesswoman, philanthropist
Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi, Italian botanist