1507

January–March

• January 24 – Sigismund I the Old is formally crowned King of Poland, at a ceremony in Kraków.
• February 9 – The crew of the Portuguese ship Cirne, commanded by Diogo Fernandes Pereira, become the first Europeans to sight the Indian ocean island of Réunion, and name it Santa Apolonia.
• March 1 – Eleven months after the Lisbon Massacre, King Manuel I of Portugal issues an edict permitting the cristãos-novos to freely emigrate from the kingdom.
• March 11 – Italian mercenary leader and former prince Cesare Borgia, later cited by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince as an example of "conquest by fortune", completes his conquest of the Spanish city of Viana by driving out the defenders of the castle of the Count of Lerín, but makes the mistake of pursuing the fleeing enemy by himself. He is killed the next day by his captors.
• March 28 – The revolutionary council of the Republic of Genoa declares a war against French invaders.

April–June

• April 3 – At Erfurt, German monk Martin Luther is ordained by the suffragan bishop Johann Bonemilch as a priest of the Catholic Church.
• April 10 – Installed by the Revolutionary Council, Paolo da Novi becomes the first Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror Francesco Sforza. He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.
• April 25 – Martin Waldseemüller publishes his Cosmographiae Introductio and accompanying wall map, the first to show the Americas as a separate continent, naming them in honour of Amerigo Vespucci, his friend and idol.
• April 27
• *In India, in what is now the state of Kerala, troops from the Kingdom of Cannanore begin Cannanore (1507)|a four-month siege] of the Portuguese garrison at the Fort of Saint Angelo. Despite being outnumbered, the 150 defenders of the fort hold out for four months against 60,000 attackers until rescue arrives four months later.
• *In Germany, the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire convenes at Konstanz and begins a series of reforms.
• April 29 – French troops retake the city of Genoa after a seven-day siege, defeating rebels who had taken control in July 1506.
• May 14
• *Lorenzo Lotto's painting, the Santa Cristina al Tiverone Altarpiece, is unveiled at the Church of Santa Cristina in the Italian city of Treviso.
• *In Italy, King Louis XII of France departs from Genoa and makes a triumphant entry into Milan on May 24.
• June 4 – Having been denied recognition by Pope Julius II as King of Naples, King Ferdinand II of Aragon departs from Naples to return to his home in Spain.
• June 28 – Ferdinand II is welcomed by Louis XII of France at the Italian city of Savona in a spectacular ceremony, and the two monarchs begin a series of meetings on the division of the Italian kingdoms between France and Spain.

July—September

• July 3 – Ferdinand II and Louis XII complete their six-day summit at Savona.
• July 20 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Valencia to resume his rule of his Spanish kingdom.
• August 10 – Afonso de Albuquerque departs with six ships from the Yemeni island of Socotra to begin pillaging towns along the way to conquering the Persian Gulf port of Hormuz.
• August 27 – A fleet of 11 ships from the Portuguese Navy's 8th Armada arrives in India and rescues the Portuguese defenders of the fort of Saint Angelo from the attack by the Kingdom of Cannanore.
• September 15 – King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland, to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar "to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis."
• September 26 – A fleet commanded by Portugal's Afonso de Albuquerque arrives at the port of Hormuz on the Persian Gulf and sets about to conquer it.

October—December

• October 10 – The Kingdom of Portugal conquers the island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf.
• November 24 – Portuguese Admiral Tristao da Cunha, with 12 ships, attacks a fleet of 13 Muslim merchant ships leaving the Indian port of Ponnani, and is confronted by the forces of Kutti Ali. The Portuguese win the battle.
• November 26 – Pope Julius II issues a damnatio memoriae forcing the members of the House of Borgia out of control of the Papal States.
• December 21 – Princess Mary of England, the 11-year-old daughter of King Henry VII, is betrothed to the 7-year-old Duke of Burgundy.

Date unknown

• The Timurid Dynasty ends, when Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani capture the capital, Herat, and Emir Badi' al-Zaman Mirza flees.
• The Portuguese occupy Mozambique, and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.
• The Portuguese found the town of Stone Town in Mozambique.
• Cardinal Cisneros is appointed inquisitor general of Castile.
• King Henry VII of England prosecutes lords for keeping private armies, which might threaten his régime.
• Raphael paints The Deposition, among other works.
• The Aztec New Fire ceremony is held for the last time.