Turkic history


Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.

Origins

Turks are an important political identity of Eurasia. They first appeared at Inner Eurasian steppes and migrated to many various regions and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a collective identity. However, it is believed that Proto-Turkic people inhabited regions that supported a lifestyle consistent with the Eurasian equestrian pastoral nomadic culture.
Türk was first used as a political identity in history during the Göktürk Khaganate period. The Turkic script was invented by Göktürks as well. The ruling Ashina clan origins are disputed.
Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of world history. The history of all people that emerged in Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing Eastern cultures to the West and Western cultures to the East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development.

The beginning of Turkic history

3rd century (Before Christ)

220: Modu Chanyu uniting Turkic and Mongolian tribes under Xiongnu, the first turkic state. Xiongnu existed before Modu Chanyu. But, Modu Chanyu was the one to unite most of the Turkic tribes and make bigger contributions, compared to his Father. He killed his father in his father's tent with his most loyal archers. His father married a chinese princess and they had a child. This move was a strategic move by the Chinese to take over the empire, in which they succeeded and took over Turkic empires and states in history. This was not the case with Xiongnu though, as Modu realized the situation and ordered his men to execute his father for his "treachery to state". Modu then took over the state and established an army, in which the date of it is accepted as the symbolic establishment date of Turkish Land Forces.

4th century

395: Migration Period

5th century

461: Sabir people around Siberia480: Pre-Bulgarians between the Caspian Sea and the Danube

Middle Ages/Turks

6th century

540: The re-emergence of the lost Central Asian Turks mentioned in the Ergenekon epic540: Sasanian King of Iran, Hormizd IV, born to a Khazar Princess mother who married Khosrow I

7th century

Central Asia

625 : Establishment of Tokhara Yabghus.630: Eastern Turkic Khaganate came under the Chinese dominance, while the Western Turkic Khaganate was heavily influenced by the Tang.639: Turkic prince Ashina Jiesheshuai's attempt on a Turkic revolt in the Tang emperor's palace.659: Western Turkic Khaganate came under Chinese rule.665: Establishment of Turk Shahis. 674: The recruitment of Turkic mercenaries in Arab armies.681: Second Turkic Khaganate established.699: The establishment of the Turgesh Khanate.

Eastern Europe

626–627: Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius' request for help from the Khazars, the Khazars' invasion of the Caucasus by defeating the Sassanids after the Sassanids and Pannonian Avars besieged Constantinople.630: Khazars' settlement in the Don-Volga basin, which was affiliated to the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the establishment of the Great Bulgarian Khanate in the north of the Black Sea.651–652: War of the Arab Empire and the Khazars, who overthrew the Sassanids and captured all of Iran.678: The division of the Great Bulgarian Khanate by the westward pressure of the Khazars.

8th century

Inner Asia

705–715: Arabs take Transoxiana.720–735: Orkhon Monuments in Ötüken.721–737: Turgesh attack against Arabs.744: The destruction of the Second Turkic Khanate by the rebellious Uyghurs, Karluks and Basmyls; Establishment of the Uyghur Khaganate.745: Independent khanate of Kimeks in what is today Kazakhstan.750: The strengthening of Arab-Turkic relations after the Abbasids came to rule the Arab Empire.751: The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the Karluks in the Battle of Talas, the conversion of the Karluks to Islam.762: Uyghur Khaganate aided Tang dynasty in China in suppressing the An-Lu-Shan uprising.765: Adoption of the Mani religion by the Uyghur Khan Bögü.766: The dissolution of the Türgesh Khanate by the Karluks of the Uyghur Khanate, the establishment of the autonomous Karluk Khanate, the laying of the foundations of the Oghuz Yabgu State by the Oghuzes who escaped from the Karluks and migrated to the vicinity of the Caspian and Aral lakes.789–795: Fight for the throne and decline in the Uyghur Khaganate.

Eastern Europe

705: Theodora of Khazaria, a Khazar princess and Byzantine empress as the second wife of Justinian II713–737: Khazar-Arab War, Khazar loss of Caucasus.716: The first written agreement of the Danube Bulgarian Khanate with the Byzantine Empire and the start of taxation.717–718: Aid of the Bulgarians to Byzantium against the Arab Siege of Constantinople.740: Adoption of Judaism as the official religion of the Khazars.741: Tzitzak, a Khazar princess, Empress of the Byzantine Empire by marriage to Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine V. Mother of Byzantine emperor, Leo IV the Khazar.745–775: Bulgarian-Byzantine relations tense.764: Invasion of the Caucasus and western Iran by the Khazars, defeating the Abbasids.780: Founding of Volga Bulgaria.792: After the Battle of Markeli, Byzantium began to pay taxes to the Bulgarians again.795: Bardanes Tourkos, a Byzantine general of Khazar-Armenian descent who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I.

9th century

Central Asia

821: Uighurs repulse Tibetans.832: The Uighur Khaganate plunged into turmoil.840: The collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate as a result of the attack of the Kyrgyz people, the establishment of the Kyrgyz Khaganate, the escape of the Uyghurs to the southwest, the Karluks, who did not recognize the Kyrgyz sovereignty, declared their independence and laid the foundation of the Karakhanid State.848: The establishment of the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom of the Uyghurs who migrated to the South West.856: The establishment of the Karahoca Uyghur Kingdom by another Uyghur branch that migrated to the southwest.

Eastern Europe

860: The Russians, who expanded to the south, reached Kiev in the Khazar Khaganate.861: Migration of Pechenegs around Syr Darya to the north of the Black Sea under the pressure of Oghuzes, Kimeks and Karluks.880: The formation of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation.889: The advance of the Pechenegs in the north of the Black Sea to the west under the pressure of the Khazars and Kipchaks.892: The Pechenegs advancing to the west forced the Hungarians from the Dnieper to migrate beyond the Carpathians, forming an agreement with the Byzantine Empire.

Asia and Africa

833–842: The increasing influence of Turkic slave soldiers in the Abbasid palace during Caliph Mutasim's reign.836: The relocation of the Abbasid capital from Baghdad to Samarra, where the Turkic slave garrison was located.868: Tulunid sovereignty over Egypt, Syria, Palestine and the north of Iraq, but it still remained nominally within the Abbasid Caliphate.

10th century

Central Asia

923: The establishment of the Later Tang dynasty by the Shatuo Turks, descended from the Göktürks, in the north of China.924: The destruction of the Kyrgyz State by the Mongol Khitai, the end of the Turkic rule in Ötüken, the migration of the Kyrgyz to their present homeland.934: With Satuk Buğra Khan's acceptance of Islam, the Karakhanid State adopt the religion of Islam, becoming one of the first Turkic states to do so.979: The Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern Song dynasty, the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the Ongud Turks. The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.990–999: The Karakhanid State destroyed the Samanid Empire, Transoxiana came under Turkic rule after 300 years.

Eastern Europe

920: Russo-Pecheneg War.922: Visit of Ibn Fadlan as ambassador to the Bulgarian Khanate of İdil, which converted to Islam.940: Russian-Byzantine alliance against Khazars, Khazars lose Crimea.943: Pechenegs allied with the Russians against the Byzantine Empire.965: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Khazars.968–972: Pechenegs' attacks on the Russians.969: The capture of the Khazar capital by the prince of Kievan Rus' Svyatoslav I, the withdrawal of the Khazars to the north of the Caucasus.985: Oghuz Yabgu State's alliance with the Russians against the Volga Bulgarian State.986: Settlements of the Seljuks emerge in the south of Kazakhstan by breaking away from the Oghuz Yabgu State.

Asia and Africa

905: The end of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt by the Abbasids.935: Another Turkic dynasty, the Ikhshidid dynasty, seized power in Egypt and dominated Syria, Palestine, Hejaz and northern Sudan.977: Sabuktigin establishes Ghaznavid dynasty in Khorasan 969: Termination of the rule of the Ikhshidid dynasty by the Fatimid Caliphate.999: Mahmud of Ghazni, son of Sabuktigin becomes the first to title himself Sultan.

11th century

Central Asia

1030: Ghaznavid Empire reaches to its greatest extent under Mahmud of Ghazni.1036: The Kansu Uyghur Kingdom came under the rule of the Mongolian Tangut Kingdom.1042: The division of the Karakhanid State into East and West.1050: The destruction of the Kimek Khanate by the invasion of the Kipchaks.1089: Samarkand-centered Western Karakhanid State became Seljuk vassals.1091: The Eastern Karakhanid State, based in Kashgar, became subject to the Seljuks.1092: As a result of the [Seljuk Empire|Great Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk State] being dragged into internal turmoil, the two Karakhanid states became independent again.

Eastern Europe

1016: The destruction of the Khazar Khaganate by the Russians and the Byzantine Empire1037: Settlement of Pechenegs defeated by the Russians in Romania.1061–1068: The Kipchaks, who defeated the Russians, captured the north of the Black Sea and Ukraine1091: After the Battle of Manzikert, the Pechenegs, who attacked the Byzantine Empire, which was in turmoil, were destroyed by the Byzantine-Kipchak alliance around Enez.1093: Cuman–Kipchak Confederation decisive defeat of the Kievan Rus' at the Battle of the Stuhna River.

Asia

1038: Establishment of the Seljuk State in Khorasan.1040: In the Battle of Dandanaqan, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids and spread towards Persia.1048: The Seljuks, who defeated the Byzantine-Georgian alliance at the Battle of Kapetron, entered Eastern Anatolia.1055: Seljuks conquer Baghdad and seize the Abbasid Caliphate. 1056: Sejuk princess, Khadija Arslan Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Qaim.1063: Abbasid princess, Sayida Khatun, daughter of Abbasid Caliph Al-Qaim married to the Seljuk Sultan, Tughril I.1064: Seljuks conquer Ani Castle and break the Armenian-Georgian resistance.1071: The Oghuz Turkomans who defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert, started settlements in Anatolia.1071: Sifri Khatun, Seljuk princess, daughter of sultan Alp Arslan married to the Abbasid caliph, Al-Muqtadi.1072: Establishment of Danishmend Principality in Sivas as subordinate to Great Seljuks.1077: Establishment of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm whose capital is Iznik as subordinate to the Great Seljuks.1081: The construction of the navy on the Aegean coast of the Çaka Principality and the establishment of the Turkish naval presence.1085: Establishment of the Syrian Seljuk State.1087: Mah-i Mulk Khatun, Seljuk princess, daughter of Malik-Shah I married to the Abbasid caliph, Al-Muqtadi. Abbasid and Seljuk Prince, Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was born from this marriage.1092: As a result of the murder of Sultan Melikşah by the Order of Assassins, the Great Seljuk State was dragged into internal turmoil.1096: The destruction of the People's Crusade of the First Crusade by the Anatolian Seljuk State in Iznik.1096–1099: As a result of the First Crusade, Iznik and Western Anatolia were taken back by Byzantium, and Crusader states were formed on the Syrian and Palestinian coasts.

South Asia

1001–1027: The expeditions of Mahmud of Ghazni, the ruler of the Ghaznavids, in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and Islam to the north of India.1037–1059: The struggle of the Ghaznavids with the Seljuk Empire resulted into Khorasan and Iran being dominated by the Seljuks.1059: Peace treaty between Ghaznavids and Seljuks.1079–1080: Ghaznavids's defeat at the hands of the Ghurid dynasty, which gained power in Afghanistan.

12th century

Asia

1100: The Danishmends defeated the Principality of Antioch in Malatya and definitively stopped the Crusaders' advance to Southeastern Anatolia.1101: The defeat of the Sultanate of Rum and the Danishmends by the Crusaders in Kastamonu and Merzifon.1104: The Great Seljuk State defeated the Crusaders in Harran and blocked their advance to the Euphrates.1104: Establishment of Börüoğulları Atabey in Damascus1105–1128: Seljuks struggle against the Crusaders in Syria, the resistance of Damascus and Aleppo to the Crusader sieges1108: Seljuk princess, Ismah Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustazhir.1124: Seljuk princess, Amira Khatun, married to the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustarshid.1127: Establishment of Zengi Atabegate in Mosul.1127–1174: The struggle of the Zengid's with the Crusaders.

Iran and Central Asia

1092–1118: Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent Atabegates within the Great Seljuk State1132: The Qara Khitai started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the Qocho.1134: Qara Khitai overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids.1137: Qara Khitai overthrow the Western Karakhanids and end their rule in Central Asia.1141: The collapse of the Great Seljuk Empire, which was defeated by the Qara Khitai in the Battle of Qatwan.1154–1157: Dissolution of the Great Seljuk State after the rebellion of the Oghuz, the independence of the Khorezmshahs.1182–1194: The Khwarazmshahs conquered Transoxiana and Iran by defeating the Seljuks, Ghurids and Qara Khitai.1188: The Kerman Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, overthrown by the Oghuz band of Malik Dinar. 1194: The abolition of the Iraqi Seljuk State, one of the successors of the Great Seljuk State, by the Khwarazmian Empire.

South Asia

1135: The Seljuk army re-entering Ghazni and taxing the Ghaznavids again.1148–1151: Great destruction caused by the Ghurids after capturing Ghazni.1152: Seljuks capture of Ghazni from Ghurids.1157–1163: With the disintegration of the Great Seljuk State, Ghazni and Afghanistan fell back into the hands of the Ghurids.1186: The conquest of the Ghaznavid State, which continued to dominate Punjab, with Lahore as its capital, caused by the Ghurids.

Eastern Europe

1111–1116: Kipchak tribes defeated by the Russians.1123: Georgians supported by Kipchaks expel Great Seljuks from Tbilisi.1150: The Kipchaks regain their strength in the Dnieper.1154: The Kipchaks, who repulsed the Russians, re-established their dominance around Kharkiv.1157–1174: Conflicts between Volga Bulgarians and Russians.1174–1185: Military successes of the Kipchaks against the Russians.1200: The dissolution of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation.

13th century

Asia and the Middle East

1202: The expansion of the Anatolian Seljuk State to Eastern Anatolia by eliminating the Saltuklu Principality1207: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Mediterranean with the conquest of Antalya1214: The opening of the Anatolian Seljuk State to the Black Sea with the conquest of Sinop1228: Elimination of the Mengüçlü Principality by the Anatolian Seljuk State1230: The Khorezmshahs, who escaped from the Mongol invasion and advanced to Anatolia, were stopped by the Anatolian Seljuk State in the Battle of Yassıçemen1239: The revolt of Baba İshak weakened the Anatolian Seljuk State.1243: The defeat of the Anatolian Seljuk State by the Mongols in the Battle of Kösedağ1250: The seizure of power by the Turkish-origin Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, putting an end to the Ayyubids

Central Asia

1212: The elimination of the Karakhanids, who ruled in Fergana, by the Khwarazmshahs State.

South Asia

1206: Establishment of Delhi Sultanate by Turkic-origin slave commanders1236: Delhi Sultanate's dominance of all of northern India, Kashmir and Bangladesh1290: Turko-Afghan-origin Khalji dynasty seized power in the Delhi Sultanate

14th century

1320–1424: Tughluk Dynasty in Delhi established and ruled most of the India.1346: The Ottomans entered Europe.1361: Conquest of Edirne by the Ottomans occurred.1370: The Salars are descended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying Amdo Tibetan women during the early Ming dynasty.1370: Timur's seizure of power, establishment of Timurid Empire.1382: Tokhtamysh leads the Golden Horde's Army and sets Moscow on fire.1389: Battle of Kosovo: Ottoman domination in the Balkans1389–1403: Reign of Bayezid1398: Timur's military expedition to India

15th century

Asia

1402: Battle of Ankara between Timur and Bayezid I1406: Re-emergence of Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu people on the stage of history1453: Conquest of Istanbul by Mehmed the Conqueror1453–1504: The golden age of the Akkoyunlu state.

Central Asia

1405: Timur's death1405–1447: Arrival of Shahruh in Herat1447–1449: Ulugh Beg1465: Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate

Eastern Europe

1430: Crimean Khanate formed1445: Establishment of the Khanate of Kazan1462–1505: Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh khanate created1473: Sultan Husayn Bayqara: Timurid Renaissance

Modern era (1500 AD – present)

16th century

Eastern Europe

1502: The Crimean Khanate's destruction of the Golden Horde state1552: Russia's annexation of the Kazan Khanate1556: The annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate by Russia1557: Russia's annexation of the Nogai Khanate1571: Crimean Khanate burns Moscow1580–1598: Russia's elimination of the Siberian Khanate

Central Asia

1500: Muhammed Shaybani and Uzbeks in Transoxiana1510: The defeat of Muhammed Shaybani by Shah Ismail

Asia

1502: Ismail's establishment of the Safavid dynasty in Iran1514: The Battle of Çaldıran, the settlement of the Ottomans in Eastern Anatolia1516: Battle of Ridaniye, Ottomans taking Syria and Palestine from the Mamluk State1517: Ottoman domination in Hijaz1534: Ottomans taking Iraq from Safavids1538: Ottoman domination in Yemen1551: Ottoman rule reaching Qatar and Oman1578: Ottomans reaching the Caspian Sea1590: Ottoman conquest of the entire Caucasus and Western Iran

South Asia

1526: Establishment of the Mughal Empire

Africa

1516: Establishment of Ottoman administration in Algeria

17th century

Eastern Europe

1600: The defeat of the Siberian Khanate.1606: The Treaty of Zitvatorok, which symbolized the Ottoman Empire's peak1683: Siege of Vienna by the Ottomans.1699: Treaty of Karlowitz. The decline of the Ottomans.

Central Asia

1605: Russian invasion of Yenisey1615–1650: The struggle of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people against the Russians1620: Russia's annexation of Yakut lands1628: Dolgan's domination by Russia1628–1630: Another Mongolian tribe, the Kalmyks, who were defeated by the Eastern Mongols, trampled on Kazakhstan and settled in the Volga region.1634–1642: Russia's suppression of the Yakut revolts1639: Russia's Reaching the Pacific Ocean1680: Mongol capture East Turkestan, end of Chagatai Khanate

South Asia

1628–1658: Shah Jahan, emperor of India.1658–1707: Aurangzeb, emperor of India.

18th century

Eastern Europe

1742–1775: Pugachev War in Russia 1783: Annexation of Crimea by the Russians.

Asia

1717–1730: Tulip Era of the Ottomans.1736–1747: Nader Shah of Turkoman origin established Afsharid Empire, owning the identity of Turkic Afshar tribes. 1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran by a Turk.

Central Asia

1709: Establishment of Kokand Khanate1709–1718: The Dzungarian-Kazakh Khanate Conflict1718: The division of the Kazakh Khanate into three kingdoms.1721: Russia's annexation of Khakassia1731: The minor part of the Kazakh Khanate came under Russian protection.1740–1747: Iranian domination in the Khiva Khanate1755–1759: The Manchu Dynasty, which took over the administration in China, seized East Turkestan which was in the hands of the Dzungarians1755: Tuva under the rule of the Manchu Dynasty, which seized power in China1756: Russia's capture of the Altai region1785: Manghud's takeover of the Bukhara Khanate

Africa

1705: The Huseyni Dynasty appointed in Tunisia, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire1798–1799: Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte. Turkish-French conflicts.

19th century

Eastern Europe

1829: Greece's independence1878: Treaty of Berlin, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania gaining their independence, Bulgaria gaining autonomy1881: Greek annexation of Thessaly1885: Bulgaria's annexation of Eastern Rumelia1813: Russia's annexation of Dagestan and Azerbaijan1827: Russian domination of the Balkars1828: Karachays' entry into Russian domination1828: Russia's annexation of Yerevan and Nakhchivan1829: Russia's annexation of Akhaltsikhe1839: Tanzimat Edict in the Ottoman Empire1876: The first constitution of the Ottoman Empire legislated.

Central Asia

1820: The Great Juz of the Kazakh Khanate came under the rule of the Kokand Khanate1847: The lands of the Kazakh Khanate completely passed into the hands of Russia1851–1854: The defeat of the Khiva Khanate to the Russians1864: The start of Russian expeditions to West Turkestan1865: Establishment of Kashgar Khanate in East Turkestan1866: The Emirate of Bukhara came under Russian rule1868: The Kokand Khanate came under Russian rule1871: Russian occupation of Lake Balkhash1873: The Khiva Khanate came under Russian rule1876: Russia's annexation of the Khanate of Kokand1877–1878: China's elimination of the Khanate of Kashgar1881–1884: Russia's annexation of Turkmenistan

South Asia

1805: The Mughal State came under the auspices of the British who defeated the Maratha Confederation1857: The British overthrow the Mughal State

Africa

1807: British abolish slave trade, Royal Navy patrol around Africa to intercept slave ships1822: Sudan's entry into Ottoman rule1830–1842: French invasion of Algeria1831–1840: Ottoman-Egyptian struggle, Egypt gaining autonomy1869: Opening of the Suez Canal1881: Second French invasion of Algeria1882: British invasion of Egypt1885: Italian invasion of Habesh1885: End of Turkish rule in Sudan1888: British invasion of Somalia, end of Turkish presence in Horn of Africa

20th century

1905: Beginning of Jadidism movements.1910–1920: Alash Horda Government of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz1911–1912: Invasion of Tripoli by Italy1912: Balkan wars1915–1916: Gallipoli campaign1917: Turkistan's declaration of autonomy1918: The Armistice of Mudros was signed between Turkey and the Allied Powers.1918: Establishment of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.1919–1922: The Turkish War of Independence took place.1919–1928: Basmachi Uprising against the Soviet Union1921–1944: Tuvan People's Republic1922: Turkish victory over Greeks1923: Turkey officially became a State and a Republic after the victorious Turkish War of Independence 1932–1934: [First Eastern world|East Turkestan Republic|East Turkestan Islamic Republic] of Uyghurs in China1938: Ataturk's death1944: Short-lived East Turkestan Republic established with the help of the Russian army1945: formation of the autonomous government of South Azerbaijan by Pishevari "Tabriz, Ardebil, Urmia, Zanjan, Qəzvin"1946: The killing of the Turkic nation of South Azerbaijan by the Pahlavi regime1971: European withdrawal from Central Asia1974: Turkish invasion of Cyprus1983: The declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus1988: The beginning of the Azeri-Armenian conflict1990: Soviet invasion of Baku1991: The collapse of the USSR and themergence of the Commonwealth of Independent States1992: Admission of the CIS Turkic republics to the UN:
  • * Kazakhstan
  • * Uzbekistan
  • * Azerbaijan
  • * Turkmenistan
  • * Kyrgyzstan1992: The first Turkic Speaking Countries Summit was held in Ankara on 30 October 1992.1993: The occupation of a region of Azerbaijan by the Armenians.1993: In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in Almaty, which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.1993: The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.

21st century

2005: Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan.2005: Kazakh leader Nursultan Nazarbayev's proposal to establish a common market in Central Asia in his address to the nation.2005: Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan2006: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline put into service.2007: The first meeting of riparian countries to determine the status of the Caspian Sea.2008: Establishment of the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic Speaking Countries between Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on 21 November 2008.2009: Establishment of Organization of Turkic States.2013: Gezi Park protests2016: Turkish coup attempt by Peace at Home Council

Turkish books

  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
  • Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
  • Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
  • Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
  • O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
  • Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
  • Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
  • A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
  • Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
  • Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
  • Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
  • İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
  • M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
  • Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
  • Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
  • A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
  • B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.

English and foreign books

  • R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960
  • DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
  • Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
  • D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
  • M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
  • E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
  • M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
  • W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
  • L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
  • Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
  • H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
  • Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004