List of European Space Agency programmes and missions

Horizon 2000 Programme

Cornerstone missions

• * Re-launch – Cluster II, launched July and August 2000, – Successful replacement mission.Cornerstone 2 – XMM-Newton, launched December 1999, – An X-ray space telescope, studying the full range of cosmic X-ray sources.Cornerstone 3 – Rosetta, launched March 2004, – 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko orbiter mission, studying comets and their evolution.Cornerstone 4 – Herschel, launched May 2009, – Infrared space observatory mission for general astronomy.

Medium-sized missions

Horizon 2000+

Cosmic Vision Programme

S-class missions

M-class missions

L-class missions

F-class missions

Voyage 2050

L-class missions

FutureEO

Earth Explorer missions

Scout missions

Phi-sats

• Phi-Sat-1, launched in 2020, – technology demonstration cubesatPhi-Sat-2, launched in 2024, – technology demonstration cubesat

Space Safety Programme (S2P)

• Hera, launched in October 2024, – European asteroid probe aimed at studying the effects of a NEO's impact created by NASA's DART mission using 65803 Didymos's moon as a targetDraco, launching in 2027, – small space capsule monitoring the breakup and demise processes of a re-entering satelliteSWING, launching in 2027, – ionosphere monitoring missionPRELUDE, launching in 2027, – in-orbit demonstration of space manoeuvres and relative navigation technologies for active debris removalSAWA, launching in 2028, – thermosphere monitoring mission
• Ramses, launching in April 2028, – mission to the near-Earth asteroid 99942 ApophisClearSpace-1, launching in 2029, – space debris removal demonstration mission with the objective of deorbiting PROBA-1CREAM in-orbit demonstration, launch planned for 2028, – automated collision avoidance demonstration missionOPTIMIST, launch planned for 2028, – registering tiny space debris testRISE, launching in 2029, – in-orbit servicing demonstration missionAurora-D & Aurora-C, first launch planned for 2030, – a demonstrator satellite and a satellite constellation for Auroral oval monitoringSAILOR, – space debris monitoring satellites using solar sail-like foils as impact detectorsVisdoms-S, launch planned for 2030, – optical observation of space debrisSatis, launch planned for 2030, – cubesat mission an asteroidCAT , launch planned for 2030, — joint ESA-AEE mission to test a standardised docking interface for satellite removalERASE, launch planned for 2030, – removal of a large satellite
• Vigil, launching in 2031, – space weather mission to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point 5Ecostars, launch planned for 2031, – Ecodesign technologies testCircular Economy I, launch planned for 2031, – in-orbit refurbishment missionLEMO demonstrator, launch planned for 2032, – cis-lunar debris monitoring missionPrecision Asteroid Nudging, launch planned for 2032, – ion-beam asteroid deflection testSWORD, launching in 2032, – two satellites in GTO-like orbit monitoring Earth's radiation beltsNEOMIR, launch planned for 2030s, – asteroid-detecting space telescope in the Sun-Earth L1 pointSHIELD, launch planned for 2030s, – CME advanced warning missionENCORE, launch planned for 2030s, – mission life extension
• e.Deorbit, – space debris removal demonstration mission, superseded by ClearSpace-1

Earth-based activities of S2P

• Optical Ground Station (OGS), – observatory at Teide ObservatoryIzaña-1 and Izaña-2, since 2022, – laser-ranging stations at Teide Observatory for tracking satellites and space debrisFlyeye, first light in 2025, – network of ground-based telescopes for NEO early warning

Human spaceflight

• ESA contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), since 2001,
• * Columbus, launched in February 2008, – a crewed laboratory module
• * Columbus External Payload Facility, launched in February 2008, – two platforms for external payloads attached to the starboard cone of Columbus
• * Bartolomeo, launched in April 2020, – a platform for external payloads attached to Columbus
• * Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), launched between 2008 and 2015, – an expendable cargo spacecraft
• * Cupola, launched in February 2010, – an ESA-built observatory module
• * European Robotic Arm (ERA), launched in July 2021, – a robotic arm that is attached to the Russian segment of the International Space Station
• European Service Module (ESM), first launched in November 2022, – a component of the crewed Orion spacecraft, part of the NASA-led Artemis programESA participation in Axiom missions, since 2024, – ESA astronauts on short-term private flights to ISS
• * Muninn on Axiom Mission 3, launched in January 2024,
• * Ignis on Axiom Mission 4, launched in June 2025,
• * Mission of Aleš Svoboda, launching no earlier than 2027, ESA contribution to the Lunar Gateway, first launch planned for 2027, – an international crewed space station in lunar orbit, part of the NASA-led Artemis program
• * European Radiation Sensors Array (ERSA), launch planned for 2027, – ESA-built component of the NASA HALO module
• * LunarLink, launch planned for 2027, – ESA-built communication equipment package connected to the NASA HALO module
• * Lunar I-Hab, launch planned for 2028, – joint ESA-JAXA habitat module
• * ESPRIT Refueling Module (ERM), launch planned for 2030, – a crewed service module providing refueling, communications equipment, habitation area, and storageLEO Cargo Return Service, first launch planned for 2028, – a program to develop space capsules capable of resupplying space stations and returning cargo from orbit. As of 2025, development of two vehicles is being supported by ESA: The Exploration Company's Nyx capsule and Thales Alenia Space's capsuleESA contribution to commercial space station programmes, — ESA intends to use the services of low Earth orbit commercial space stations like Orbital Reef or Starlab and to support European industry in supplying major components for these projects
• Hermes, – proposed human spaceflight program centered around a CNES-designed reusable spaceplane. Project cancelled in 1992 due to difficulties with achieving financial and scientific goals
• Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer, – proposed space station intended to be serviced by the Hermes spaceplane
• Hopper, – successor concept to Hermes. Cancelled in 2005 after lack of interest
• CSTS, – former proposed design for a crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations
• Aurora programme, – ESA human spaceflight programme from 2001

Earth-based astronaut activities

• CAVES, since 2011, – ESA-developed astronaut training field course in cavesNEEMO, between 2015 and 2019, – ESA astronauts participating in NASA-led missions to the Aquarius underwater laboratoryPANGAEA, since 2016, – ESA-developed astronaut training field course focused on geology and astrobiologyLunAres, since 2017, – private Mars and Moon analogue laboratory in Piła, in partnership with ESA and POLSALUNA, since 2024, – joint ESA-DLR lunar analogue facility in Cologne

Launch, reentry, and in-space transport

• Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator (ARD), launched October 1998, – space capsule demonstration mission to test new technologies in atmospheric entry designVega, launched between 2012 and 2024, – an expendable small-lift launch vehicle developed jointly by ESA and ISAFuture Launchers Preparatory Programme (FLPP), since 2004, – ESA rocket development projects
• * Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV), launched February 2015, – experimental suborbital re-entry vehicle; demonstration mission for reusable launchers and spaceplanes
• * Vinci, first launch in 2024, – restartable, cryogenic, liquid-propellant rocket engine that powers the upper stage of Ariane 6
• * Space Rider, launching 2028 onward, – an uncrewed lifting body orbital spaceplane, result of the Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe and a successor to IXV
• * Prometheus, – methalox spacecraft propulsion system
• * Themis, – ESA programme to develop a prototype reusable rocket first stage using the Prometheus rocket engine. A similar project called CALLISTO is being independently developed by CNES, DLR, and JAXA and DLR alone is developing the Reusable Flight Experiment, a demonstrator for a winged reusable rocket first stage.QARMAN, launched in 2019, – cubesat for testing reentry technologiesVega C, first launch in 2022, – a European expendable, small-lift launch vehicle, an evolution of the original Vega launcher, designed to offer greater launch performance and flexibilityMicroHETsat, launched in 2023, – testing Hall Effect Thrusters on a microsatellite platformAriane 6, first launch in 2024, – a European expendable launch system developed for ESA and manufactured by ArianeGroup. As part of the Ariane rocket family, it is operated by Arianespace, replacing the Ariane 5Boost! programme, since 2020, – support for European commercial initiatives that offer transportation services to space, in space, and returning from space. The supported projects include: Isar Aerospace's Spectrum launch vehicle, Orbex's Prime launch vehicle, Rocket Factory Augsburg's RFA One launch vehicle, PLD Space's Miura 5 launch vehicle, Skyrora's XL launch vehicle, HyImpulse's SL1 launch vehicle, Space Forge's ForgeStar reentry vehicle, SpaceForest's Perun suborbital sounding rocket, D-Orbit's ION satellite carrier, and the Omega service consortium's satellite propulsion systemsFlight Ticket Initiative, since 2023, – joint ESA-EU programme supporting development of new satellite technologies with subsidized launch opportunitiesEuropean Launcher Challenge, first launch expected not later than 2027, – ESA-funded competition to support new launch vehicles with up to 169 million euro for each selected vehicleASTRIS, — an optional add-on stage for Ariane 6 using the BERTA engine developed under FLPPASTRALIS, first flight planned for 2029, — orbital transfer vehicle based on ASTRISReusable Upper Stage Demonstrator, – technology demonstration for reusable launch vehiclesINVICTUS, first flight planned for 2031, – hypersonics and horizontal launch demonstrator based on the SABRE engine technologyAriane Next, – a partially reusable launcher planned to succeed Ariane 6
• EXPERT, – concept for a flying hypersonic re-entry vehicle with cooperation with Roscosmos. Indefinitely postponed since 2012, due to Roscosmos' withdrawal from the project

Solar system exploration

• Giotto, launched July 1985, – first interplanetary mission by the ESA, aimed at performing the first comet flyby, of Comet Halley. Part of the canonical Halley Armada
• Ulysses, launched October 1990, – joint ESA-NASA Solar observatory mission, employing a spacecraft in a polar heliocentric orbitSMART-1, launched September 2003, – demonstration mission for solar electric propulsion, manifesting in a lunar orbiter mission carrying low-cost, miniaturised instrumentsMars Express, launched June 2003, – Mars orbiter mission focused on observing the planet through high-resolution imagery and conducting research of the planet's interaction with the solar systemVenus Express, launched November 2005, – Venus orbiter mission, focused on long-term study and observation of its atmosphere from polar cytherocentric orbit
• Schiaparelli, launched March 2016, – demonstration mission for landing technologies designed for the ExoMars surface platform. Failed upon landing on Mars
• Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched March 2016, – Mars orbiter component of the ExoMars astrobiology mission, focused on observing methane in the planet's atmosphere for clues to past or present life on MarsHENON, scheduled to launch in 2026, – a space weather mission, ESA's first ever stand-alone deep space cubesatLunar Pathfinder, scheduled to launch in 2026, – a lunar communication satellite, precursor to the Moonlight InitiativeM-Argo, launch planned for 2027, – a cubesat mission to an asteroidLUMIO, launch planned for 2027, – a cubesat mission to characterize the impacts of near-Earth meteoroids on the lunar far side
• Moonlight, launching 2028 onward, – a constellation of communication and navigation satellites around the Moon. Part of the NASA-ESA-JAXA project LunaNet
• Rosalind Franklin, launching 2028, – an ExoMars program Mars landing mission. Planned to be the first European Mars roverVMMO, launch planned for 2028, – cubesat mission to map the distribution of water ice and ilmenite in the Moon's shadowed polar regionsMoonraker,, launch planned for 2028 – LiDAR mapping mission in a polar orbit around the MoonMAGPIE,, launch planned for 2028 – the first lunar rover mission by ESA; developed by ispaceMáni,, launch planned for 2029 – Danish-led small Lunar satellite for high-resolution mapping of the Moon's surface
• Argonaut, first launch planned for 2030, – a class of large lunar landers for lunar logisticsASSIGN programme, – interplanetary communication network of networks building upon the Moonlight initiative
• * SSI Node-1, – central element of ASSIGN; demonstration of an optical trunk link from Moon's orbitLightShip, first launch planned for 2032, – a propulsive tug for interplanetary transfer to MarsSpotLight, launch planned for 2032, – high resolution imagery Mars orbiter. The first spacecraft to be delivered to Mars by LightShip, part of the LightShip-1 mission 2035 Mars lander, launch planned for 2035, – a larger follow-up to Rosalind Franklin with high-precision landing on Mars. The first mission using results of the Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing programmeFlapping Wing Mars Explorer, — in-situ measurements near Mars surface using a hummingbird-inspired biomimetic aerial platformODINUS, – a dual Uranus and Neptune orbital mission. Proposed for the L2 and L3 missions of the Cosmic Vision programme, but eliminated from the running both times
• Marco Polo, – a sample-return mission focused on collecting and returning a sample from a Near-Earth object. Proposed for the M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 missions of the Cosmic Vision programme, it has since been rejected all five times
• ESA contribution to Mars Sample Return, :
• * Earth Return Orbiter (ERO), possibly reassigned to a one-way mission to study the atmosphere and geology of Mars called ZefERO and proposed for launch in 2032
• * Sample Transfer Arm, possibly reassigned to a new role on the Moon
• Don Quijote, – concept for a demonstration mission, testing technologies in asteroid deflection. Abandoned after lack of interest from the ESA
• Lunar Lander, – proposed launch in 2018 – Demonstration mission aimed at testing new technologies in lunar landing, including autonomous redirects. Project put on hold due to lack of financial support, as of 2012. Superseded by Argonaut
• HERACLES, – planned robotic lunar landing system by ESA and JAXA. Superseded by Argonaut

Astronomy and astrophysics

• International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), launched January 1978, – joint NASA-ESA-SERC ultraviolet space observatory mission for general astronomyEXOSAT, launched May 1983, – ESA's first X-ray space observatory missionHipparcos, launched August 1989, – first astrometry mission ever launched, focused on cataloguing over 118,200 stars in the eponymous Hipparcos Catalogue, published in 1997
• Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), launched November 1995, – infrared space observatory mission for general astronomy
• Hubble Space Telescope '(HST), launched April 1990, – joint NASA-ESA-STScl space observatory mission, carried out by a near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared telescopeCoRoT, launched December 2006, – CNES-led space telescope mission to search for rocky exoplanets and perform asteroseismology studiesSunstorm, launched in 2021, – solar X-ray spectrometer cubesat
• James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in December 2021, – joint NASA-ESA-CSA infrared space observatory mission for general astronomy and cosmologyPROBA-3, launched December 2024, – microsatellite solar observation and formation flying demonstration mission, serving as the fourth flight in the Proba seriesCubeSpec, launching in 2026, – asteroseismology cubesatAstrophysical Lunar Observatory, launch planned for around 2035, – radio telescopes on the far side of the Moon, delivered by Argonaut.LOFT, – X-ray space observatory mission focused on the study of high-mass objects such as black holes and neutron stars. Finalist for the M3 slot in the Cosmic Vision programme, but lost to PLATOSTE-QUEST, – astrophysics demonstration mission focused on testing the equivalence principle THESEUS', – astrophysics mission to study gamma-ray bursts and X-rays for investigating the early universe; unsuccessful finalist for Cosmic Vision M5, candidate for M7.
• Darwin, – proposed exoplanetary science mission focused on directly detecting Earth-like exoplanets. Proposed as a cornerstone for the Horizon 2000+ programme, but abandoned in 2007
• EChO, – space observatory mission aimed at exoplanetary science, employing high resolution, multi-wavelength spectroscopic observations. Finalist for the M3 slot in the Cosmic Vision programme, but lost to PLATO. Succeeded by ARIEL as the M4 mission
• Eddington, – concept for an asteroseismology mission designed to detect exoplanets. Cancelled in 2003

Meteorology and Earth observation

• GEOS-1 and GEOS-2, launched April 1977 and July 1978, – magnetospheric reconnaissance mission, consisting experimental payloads by various European national space administrations
• ERS-1 and ERS-2, launched July 1991 and April 1995, – ESA's first Earth observation missionsPROBA-1, launched October 2001, – microsatellite earth observation and Low Earth Orbit technology demonstration mission for various new instruments, the first mission of the PROBA satellite seriesEnvisat, launched March 2002, – Earth observation mission focused on environmental studies, using the largest civilian Earth observation satellite ever launched
• Double Star, launched December 2003 and July 2004, – joint CNSA-ESA Earth observation mission to study the planet's magnetosphere, complementing the Horizon 2000 Cluster missionMeteosat Second Generation (MSG), launched January 2004 to July 2015, – joint EUMETSAT-ESA meteorology mission to launch the second generation of Meteosat satellites, of which four were launched over a period of eleven yearsCryoSat-1, launched October 2005, – environmental science and glaciology mission, focused on studying Earth's polar ice caps. Failed on launch, and relaunched as CryoSat-2 in the Living Planet ProgrammeMetOp, launched October 2006 to 2018, – joint EUMETSAT-ESA operational meteorology mission consisting three satellites launched over a period of twelve yearsPROBA-2, launched November 2009, – microsatellite earth observation and Low Earth Orbit technology demonstration mission, serving as the second flight in the Proba seriesPROBA-V, launched May 2013, – microsatellite earth observation mission focused on mapping land cover and vegetation growth across Earth in bi-daily cycles; the 3rd mission in the Proba seriesSentinel, launched April 2014 onward, – suite of Earth observation missions serving as the ESA's contribution to the European Commission's Copernicus Programme
• * Sentinel-1, first launch in 2014, – all-weather, day and night radar imaging
• * Sentinel-2, first launch in 2015, – high-resolution optical imaging
• * Sentinel-3, first launch in 2016, – ocean and global land monitoring services
• * Sentinel-5 Precursor, launched in 2017, – monitoring air pollution
• * Sentinel-6, first launch in 2020, – sea level altimetry
• * Sentinel-4, first launch in 2025, – Europe's 1st hyperspectral sounding mission in GEO
• * Sentinel-5A, launched in 2025, – atmospheric composition monitoring
• * CO2M (Sentinel-7), first launch in 2027, – anthropogenic CO₂ emissions monitoringTechDemoSat-1, launched in 2014, – joint UKSA-ESA GNSS reflectometry demonstration missionSIMBA, launched in 2020, – cubesat mission measuring total solar irradiance to determine Earth’s radiation budget.PICASSO, launched in 2020, – cubesat mission measuring the ozone distribution in the stratosphere, the temperature profile up to the mesosphere, and the electron density in the ionosphere.RadCube, launched in 2021, – cubesat mission monitoring space weather impacts to Earth's magnetosphere during a peak in solar activity cycle.
• Meteosat Third Generation (MTG), launched December 2022 onward, – joint EUMETSAT-ESA meteorology mission to launch the third generation of Meteosat satellitesPRETTY, launched in October 2023, – cubesat using Galileo and GPS signals to measure sea icePROBA-V CubeSat Companion, launched in October 2023, – cubesat using a spare Earth observation instrument from the PROBA-V missionMANTIS, launched in November 2023, – multispectral imaging cubesatIntuition-1, launched in November 2023, – Polish technology demonstration cubesat for Earth observation, supported by ESAArctic Weather Satellite, launched in August 2024, – joint ESA-EUMETSAT small meteorological satellite providing detailed temperature and humidity profiles. A precursor to the proposed EPS-Sterna constellationAIX, first launch in January 2025, – series of technology demonstration satellitesHiVE, first launch in January 2025, – thermal imaging constellationFOREST-3, launched in 2025, – thermal imaging satellite for wildfire detectionIRIDE, first launch in 2025, – joint ESA-ASI Earth observation satellite constellation providing environmental, emergency, and security services for ItalyDUTHSat-2, launched in June 2025, – joint ESA-Greek environmental monitoring 6U cubesatMetOp-SG, first launch in 2025, – joint EUMETSAT-ESA operational meteorology mission, launching the second generation of MetOp satellites, of which a constellation of six will be launchedAtlantic Constellation, first launch in 2026, – constellation of Earth observation satellites for Spain, Portugal, and UKALTIUS, launching in 2026, – monitoring the distribution and evolution of stratospheric ozone in the Earth's atmosphereVULCAIN, launching in 2027, – thermal and visible light imaging of volcanoes by two identical cubesatsCAMILA, launching 2027 onward, – joint POLSA-ESA Earth observation satellite constellationGenesis, launching in 2028, – geodetic satellite that will update the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) of Earth with an accuracy of 1 mmArctic Ocean Surveillance, launching 2028 onward, – maritime monitoring satellites for NorwayEPS-Sterna, launching 2029 onward, – joint ESA-EUMETSAT constellation of 18 micro-satellites, based on the Arctic Weather SatelliteTRUTHS, launching in 2030, – satellite for continuous measurements of incoming and reflected radiation to evaluate Earth's energy-in to energy-out ratio, providing reference for climate measurementsNext Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM), launch planned for 2032, – a pair of identical gravimetry satellitesEuropean Resilience from Space , – intelligence and surveillance programmeAeolus-2, launching in mid-2030s, – operational Aeolus follow-on mission

Communication and navigation

• OTS-1 and OTS-2, launched September 1977 and May 1978, – demonstration mission for a geostationary communications satellite system. OTS-1 was lost in a launch
• MARECS family, launched December 1981 to November 1984, – joint Inmarsat-ESA program which launched a satellite duo to create a global maritime communications network. MARECS B on launch
• ECS family, launched June 1983 to July 1988, – joint Eutelsat-ESA mission to launch the first generation of EUTELSAT telecommunication satellites
• Olympus, launched July 1989, – telecommunications mission pioneering high-power transmitters, multi-spot beam K_a band technology and on-board switchingArtemis, launched in July 2001, – geostationary telecommunications satellite and technology demonstratorGIOVE-A, launched December 2005, – demonstration mission testing technologies for the Galileo satellite navigation systemGIOVE-B, launched April 2008, – second demonstration mission testing technologies for the Galileo satellite navigation system. Retired in 2012Galileo, launched October 2011 onward, – joint ESA-EUSPA geodesy project to create an indigenous global navigation satellite system independent of the Russian GLONASS, Chinese BeiDou and American GPS systems
• Alphasat, launched July 2013, – joint Inmarsat-ESA mission to launch an advanced geostationary communication satellite to serve Africa, Asia and Europe; the largest ever built by EuropeGOMX-3, launched in 2015, – ESA's first technology demonstration CubeSat
• European Data Relay System (EDRS), launched January 2016 to 2017, – geosynchronous optical communication network consisting a constellation of two satellites, EDRS-A and EDRS-CESAIL, launched in 2020, – microsatellite for tracking ships worldwideJoeySat, launched in 2023, – joint ESA-Eutelsat OneWeb 5G connectivity technology demonstration satelliteSpainsat NG, first launch in 2025, – Spanish satellites for government and military secure communicationsMICE-1, launched in 2025, – maritime tracking cubesatPHASMA, launched in 2025, – radio frequency spectrum monitoring cubesatsCeleste (LEO-PNT), launching 2026 to 2027, – a 10-satellite low earth orbit technology demonstration constellation for improving navigation servicesEagle-1, launch planned for 2026, – joint ESA-EU quantum key distribution satelliteHummingSat, first launch in 2027, – new class of micro-geostationary satellites, one-tenth the volume of traditional GEO satellites. A joint project with the Swiss company SWISSto12INFLECION, fully operational by 2028, – joint ESA-UKSA-AAC Clyde Space maritime domain awareness satellite constellationSAGA, – joint ESA-EU quantum key distribution satellite demonstration mission focused on classified and critical data flowsQ-Design, – joint ESA-Hispasat project for quantum key distribution from GEO and LEO orbitsQKDSat, – joint ESA-Honeywell quantum key distribution satelliteIRIS², launching 2027 onward, – multi-orbit satellite internet constellation
• Electra, launch date unknown, – joint ESA-SES telecommunications mission, utilizing a spacecraft with electrical-powered propulsionHydRON, launch date unknown, – advanced laser-based satellite communication system

Other missions

• EURECA, launched August 1992, – microgravity testbed mission carrying a suite of fifteen instruments from various European national space administrations
• SSETI Express, launched October 2005, – student demonstration mission, sponsored by the ESA Education Office, which launched three CubeSats to take pictures of the Earth and serve as a radio transponder
• YES2, launched September 2007, – student demonstration mission, sponsored by the ESA Education Office, which deployed a 31.7 km-long space tethered constellation of satellites. Partial launch GOMX-4B, launched in 2018, – cubesat demonstrating formation flyingOPS-SAT, launched in 2019, – on-board computer technology demonstration cubesatYPSat-1, launched July 2024, – satellite designed and produced entirely by young professionals at ESA, launched aboard the inaugural flight of Ariane 6 to record the fairing separation and provide in-orbit imagery of the Earth
• GENA-OT, launched in 2025, – in-orbit demonstration of an IOD platformΣYNDEO‑3, launching in 2026, – technology demonstration satellite funded by EUe.Inspector, launching in 2027, – technology demonstration satellite for space debris inspectionYPSat-2, launching in 2027, – second project by ESA Young Professionals, an experiment flying aboard Space Rider to study how microgravity affects blood flow in spaceASTRAL, launching in 2028, – demonstration of in-space refuelingSOLARIS, first launch planned for 2030s, – demonstration of space-based solar power