Linyphiidae
Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers, or money spiders is a family of very small spiders comprising around 5,000 described species in around 650 genera worldwide. This makes Linyphiidae the second largest family of spiders after the Salticidae.
The family is poorly understood due to their small body size and wide distribution; new genera and species are still being discovered throughout the world. The newest such genus is Himalafurca from Nepal, formally described in April 2021 by Tanasevitch. Since it is so difficult to identify such tiny spiders, there are regular changes in taxonomy as species are combined or divided.
Money spiders are known for drifting through the air via a technique termed "ballooning". Females of winter-active sheet weavers, such as Tenuiphantes cristatus and Bolephthyphantes index, are known for building sheet webs in depressions on the surface of snow.
Within the agriculture industry, money spiders are regarded as biological control agents against pest species like aphids and springtails.
Description
In Linyphiidae, the clypeus is normally over twice as high as the diameter of the anterior median eyes. The chelicerae have lateral stridulating ridges and lack lateral condyles.
The legs are long and thin, and bear macrosetae. The abdomen is usually oval or elongated.
Distribution
Spiders of this family occur nearly worldwide. In Norway many species have been found walking on snow at temperatures of down to −7 °C.
While these spiders are light enough to utilize ballooning for travel, they are limited by the physics of an often turbulent atmosphere and microclimate. For this reason ballooning spiders have little control over where they land, leading to a high mortality rate for the practice and its predominant usage by spiderlings and juveniles. The travel of money spiders by ballooning likely contributes to their vast distribution and speciation.
Predators and prey
Taxonomy
The Pimoidae are the sister group to the Linyphiidae.
There are six subfamilies, of which Linyphiinae, Erigoninae, and Micronetinae, contain the majority of described species.
Many species have been described in monotypic genera, especially in the Erigoninae, which probably reflects the scientific techniques traditionally used in this family. Common genera include Neriene, Lepthyphantes, Erigone, Eperigone, Bathyphantes, Troglohyphantes, Tennesseellum and many others. These are among the most abundant spiders in the temperate regions, although many are also found in the tropics. The generally larger bodied members of the subfamily Linyphiinae are commonly found in classic "bowl and doily" webs or filmy domes. The usually tiny members of the Erigoninae are builders of tiny sheet webs. These tiny spiders commonly balloon even as adults and may be very numerous in a given area on one day, only to disappear the next.
Males in the subfamily Erigoninae typically have modified cephalothoraxes. These modifications are diagnostic for a given taxon, being genus or species-specific. These come in an impressive array of forms including, but not limited to, grooves, tubercles, projections, bumps, lobes, and spines. Occasionally, the projections may be decorated with tufts of hair or even bear eyes.
The following are select examples of species in which males possess rather remarkable modifications. Walckenaeria acuminata has its eyes placed on a tall, thin spire whose height exceeds the length of the cephalothorax. Grammonota gigas has a transverse row of four longitudinal lobes behind the eyes. Gnathonargus unicorn has a long, slender, upward-pointing clypeal projection resembling a unicorn horn. Hypselistes florens has a cephalic lobe shaped like an hourglass when viewed from the front. Perregrinus deformis has a short, downcurved clypeal projection resembling a human nose. Praestigia kulczynskii has its anterior median eyes placed ventrally at the end of a long, thick projection issuing from the clypeus. The genera Coreorgonal and Spirembolus have their cephalic regions deeply divided into two pronounced lobes. Eskovia exarmata has a cephalothorax shaped like a trapezoid when viewed laterally. Horcotes quadricristatus has a single, sharp tooth sticking up between the anterior and posterior eyes.
Similarly, the pedipalps of males range from simple to complex in their design, with some possessing striking features and arrangements of palpal sclerites that are unique for a given genus and/or species.
A few spiders in this family include:
Genera
, this family includes 641 genera and 4962 species.Abacoproeces Simon, 1884 – Alps, RussiaAberdaria Holm, 1962 – KenyaAbiskoa Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 – China, Poland, Russia, ScandinaviaAbsconditus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaAcanoides Sun, Marusik & Tu, 2014 – ChinaAcanthoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1992 – China, Russia, North AmericaAcartauchenius Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Asia, Russia, Italy, MaltaAcorigone Wunderlich, 2008 – AzoresAcroterius Irfan, Bashir & Peng, 2021 – ChinaAdelonetria Millidge, 1991 – ChileAfribactrus Wunderlich, 1995 – South AfricaAfromynoglenes Merrett & Russell-Smith, 1996 – EthiopiaAfroneta Holm, 1968 – Cameroon, DR Congo, Eastern AfricaAfrophantes Tanasevitch, 2025 – Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, TanzaniaAfrotrichona Tanasevitch, 2020 – KenyaAgnyphantes Hull, 1933 – Kazakhstan, China, Russia, Alaska, CanadaAgyneta Hull, 1911 – WorldwideAgyphantes Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 – RussiaAinerigone Eskov, 1993 – Japan, RussiaAlioranus Simon, 1926 – Asia, Cyprus, GreeceAllomengea Strand, 1912 – Kyrgyzstan, Eastern Asia, Caucasus, Russia, North AmericaAllotiso Tanasevitch, 1990 – Georgia, TurkeyAmfractus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaAnacornia Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 – United StatesAnguliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Asia, Romania, RussiaAnibontes Chamberlin, 1924 – United StatesAnnapolis Millidge, 1984 – North AmericaAnodoration Millidge, 1991 – Argentina, BrazilAnthrobia Tellkampf, 1844 – North AmericaAntrohyphantes Dumitrescu, 1971 – Bulgaria, North MacedoniaAperturina Tanasevitch, 2014 – Malaysia, ThailandAphileta Hull, 1920 – Kazakhstan, RussiaApobrata Miller, 2004 – PhilippinesAprifrontalia Oi, 1960 – Eastern Asia, RussiaArachosinella Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, RussiaAraeoncus Simon, 1884 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North Africa. Introduced to New ZealandArcharaeoncus Tanasevitch, 1987 – Asia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, RussiaArcterigone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 – Russia, Alaska, CanadaArcuphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 – Eastern Asia, North AmericaAscetophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – NepalAsemostera Simon, 1898 – Central to South AmericaAsiafroneta Tanasevitch, 2020 – MalaysiaAsiagone Tanasevitch, 2014 – China, Laos, ThailandAsiceratinops Eskov, 1992 – RussiaAsiophantes Eskov, 1993 – RussiaAsperthorax Oi, 1960 – China, Japan, RussiaAsthenargellus Caporiacco, 1949 – KenyaAsthenargoides Eskov, 1993 – RussiaAsthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922 – Africa, Asia, EuropeAtypena Simon, 1894 – AsiaAuriculaiana Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2023 – ChinaAustralolinyphia Wunderlich, 1976 – AustraliaAustralophantes Tanasevitch, 2012 – Indonesia, AustraliaBactrogyna Millidge, 1991 – ChileBaryphyma Simon, 1884 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Caucasus, Georgia, Europe, Britain, WesternBaryphymula Eskov, 1992 – JapanBathylinyphia Eskov, 1992 – Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Korea, RussiaBathyphantes Menge, 1866 – Angola, Congo, Asia, Europe, Russia, North America, Oceania, ArgentinaBatueta Locket, 1982 – AsiaBifurcia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 – China, RussiaBirgerius Saaristo, 1973 – Spain, FranceBisetifer Tanasevitch, 1987 – Caucasus, Ukraine, RussiaBishopiana Eskov, 1988 – China, RussiaBlestia Millidge, 1993 – United StatesBolephthyphantes Strand, 1901 – Central Asia, Caucasus, Russia, France, GreenlandBolyphantes C. L. Koch, 1837 – Asia, Europe, Western MediterraneanBordea Bosmans, 1995 – Portugal, Spain, FranceBoreomaro Tanasevitch, 2022 – RussiaBrachycerasphora Denis, 1962 – Northern Africa, IsraelBureyanus Tanasevitch, 2023 – RussiaBursellia Holm, 1962 – Cameroon, Congo, Eastern AfricaCaenonetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – BruneiCallitrichia Fage, 1936 – Africa, China, Thailand, IndiaCallosa Zhao & Li, 2017 – ChinaCamafroneta Frick & Scharff, 2018 – CameroonCameroneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 – CameroonCanariellanum Wunderlich, 1987 – Canary IslandsCanariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 – Ethiopia, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Israel, Turkey, EuropeCapsulia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 – ChinaCaracladus Simon, 1884 – China, Japan, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, WesternCarorita Duffey & Merrett, 1963 – China, Ukraine, Russia, Central, WesternCassafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandCatacercus Millidge, 1985 – ChileCatonetria Millidge & Ashmole, 1994 – Ascension IslandsCaucasopisthes Tanasevitch, 1990 – CaucasusCautinella Millidge, 1985 – ChileCaviphantes Oi, 1960 – Asia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, North AmericaCentromerita Dahl, 1912 – Caucasus, Turkey. Introduced to North AmericaCentromerus Dahl, 1886 – North Africa, Asia, Europe, North AmericaCentrophantes Miller & Polenec, 1975 – Austria, SloveniaCeraticelus Simon, 1884 – Germany, Poland, Russia, Finland, Netherlands, North AmericaCeratinella Emerton, 1882 – China, Japan, Korea, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Italy, North America, AustraliaCeratinops Banks, 1905 – North AmericaCeratinopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1930 – North AmericaCeratinopsis Emerton, 1882 – Africa, Asia, Canary Islands, Madeira, Guatemala, North AmericaCeratocyba Holm, 1962 – KenyaCheniseo Bishop & Crosby, 1935 – North AmericaChenisides Denis, 1962 – Congo, KenyaCherserigone Denis, 1954 – AlgeriaChiangmaia Millidge, 1995 – ThailandChthiononetes Millidge, 1993 – AustraliaCinetata Wunderlich, 1995 – GeorgiaCirrosus Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaClaviphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – NepalCnephalocotes Simon, 1884 – Korea, Ukraine, Russia, Canada, HawaiiCollinsia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1913 – Kyrgyzstan, China, Japan, Korea, Caucasus, Iran, Austria, Russia, Spain, France, North America, SpitsbergenColoncus Chamberlin, 1949 – North AmericaComorella Jocqué, 1985 – ComorosConcavocephalus Eskov, 1989 – RussiaConglin Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaConnithorax Eskov, 1993 – RussiaCoreorgonal Bishop & Crosby, 1935 – North AmericaCornicephalus Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 – ChinaCornitibia Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 – NepalCresmatoneta Simon, 1929 – Japan, Korea, India, Caucasus, Turkey, RussiaCrispiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 – China, Korea, RussiaCristatus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaCrosbyarachne Charitonov, 1937 – Turkey, EuropeCrosbylonia Eskov, 1988 – RussiaCryptolinyphia Millidge, 1991 – ColombiaCtenophysis Millidge, 1985 – ChileCurtimeticus Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaCyphonetria Millidge, 1995 – ThailandDactylopisthes Simon, 1884 – Asia, Europe, Alaska, CanadaDactylopisthoides Eskov, 1990 – RussiaDecipiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Belarus, Russia, ScandinaviaDeelemania Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 – Cameroon, Gabon, Malawi, Ivory CoastDendronetria Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – BruneiDenisiphantes Tu, Li & Rollard, 2005 – ChinaDiastanillus Simon, 1926 – Austria, Norway, FranceDicornua Oi, 1960 – JapanDicristatus Irfan, Wang & Zhang, 2023 – ChinaDicymbium Menge, 1868 – Asia, Russia, North AmericaDidectoprocnemis Denis, 1950 – North Africa, Romania, Greece, Portugal, FranceDiechomma Millidge, 1991 – ColombiaDiplocentria Hull, 1911 – China, Mongolia, Russia, Europe, North AmericaDiplocephaloides Oi, 1960 – China, Japan, KoreaDiplocephalus Bertkau, 1883 – North Africa, Asia, Europe to Russia, North America, Greenland, Falkland IsDiploplecta Millidge, 1988 – New ZealandDiplostyla Emerton, 1882 – Korea, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, Russia. Introduced to St. HelenaDiplothyron Millidge, 1991 – Central America, Mexico, Colombia, VenezuelaDisembolus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 – North AmericaDismodicus Simon, 1884 – Russia, France, North AmericaDoenitzius Oi, 1960 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaDolabritor Millidge, 1991 – ColombiaDonacochara Simon, 1884 – Angola, Europe to Central AsiaDrapetisca Menge, 1866 – China, Japan, Caucasus, Russia, North AmericaDrepanotylus Holm, 1945 – China, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Russia, ScandinaviaDresconella Denis, 1950 – FranceDubiaranea Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Malaysia, South AmericaDumoga Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – IndonesiaDunedinia Millidge, 1988 – Australia, New ZealandEborilaira Eskov, 1989 – RussiaEldonnia Tanasevitch, 2008 – Japan, Korea, RussiaEmenista Simon, 1894 – IndiaEmertongone Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 – North AmericaEnguterothrix Denis, 1962 – Congo, Southeast AsiaEntelecara Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Asia, Europe, North AmericaEordea Simon, 1899 – IndonesiaEpibellowia Tanasevitch, 1996 – Japan, RussiaEpiceraticelus Crosby & Bishop, 1931 – United StatesEpigyphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 – RussiaEpigytholus Tanasevitch, 1996 – Mongolia, RussiaEpisolder Tanasevitch, 1996 – RussiaEpiwubana Millidge, 1991 – ChileEridantes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 – North AmericaErigokhabarum Tanasevitch, 2022 – RussiaErigomicronus Tanasevitch, 2018 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaErigone Audouin, 1826 – WorldwideErigonella Dahl, 1901 – Mongolia, Alps, Bulgaria, Russia, France, North CarpathiansErigonoploides Eskov, 1989 – RussiaErigonoplus Simon, 1884 – Morocco, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Western Asia, EuropeErigonops Scharff, 1990 – South AfricaErigophantes Wunderlich, 1995 – BorneoEskovia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 – Mongolia, Russia, CanadaEskovina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 – China, Korea, RussiaEsophyllas Prentice & Redak, 2012 – United StatesEstrandia Blauvelt, 1936 – China, Japan, RussiaEulaira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 – North AmericaEurymorion Millidge, 1993 – Bolivia, BrazilEvansia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 – Europe, Japan?Fageiella Kratochvíl, 1934 – Southern EuropeFalklandoglenes Usher, 1983 – Falkland IslandsFissiscapus Millidge, 1991 – Colombia, EcuadorFistulaphantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – NepalFlagelliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – China, RussiaFloricomus Crosby & Bishop, 1925 – North AmericaFlorinda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 – Mexico, United StatesFloronia Simon, 1887 – China, Japan, Korea, Russia, EcuadorFormiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – EuropeFrederickus Paquin, Dupérré, Buckle & Crawford, 2008 – North AmericaFrontella Kulczyński, 1908 – RussiaFrontinella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – China, Hispaniola, El Salvador, Mexico, United StatesFrontinellina van Helsdingen, 1969 – South Africa, North Africa, Asia, Madeira, RussiaFrontiphantes Wunderlich, 1987 – MadeiraFusciphantes Oi, 1960 – JapanGibbafroneta Merrett, 2004 – CongoGibothorax Eskov, 1989 – RussiaGigapassus Miller, 2007 – ArgentinaGladiata Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaGlebala Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaGlomerosus Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaGlyphesis Simon, 1926 – Japan, Europe, North AmericaGnathonargus Bishop & Crosby, 1935 – United StatesGnathonarium Karsch, 1881 – Asia, Russia, Alaska, Canada, North AfricaGnathonaroides Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaGonatium Menge, 1868 – Kenya, Algeria, Morocco, Asia, Europe, North AmericaGonatoraphis Millidge, 1991 – ColombiaGoneatara Bishop & Crosby, 1935 – North AmericaGongylidiellum Simon, 1884 – Angola, Algeria, Morocco, Asia, Europe, United States, ArgentinaGongylidioides Oi, 1960 – Asia, RussiaGongylidium Menge, 1868 – Kazakhstan, China, Turkey, Russia, ItalyGracilentus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaGrammonota Emerton, 1882 – North America, ColombiaGravipalpus Millidge, 1991 – Argentina, Brazil, PeruHabreuresis Millidge, 1991 – ChileHalorates Hull, 1911 – Kazakhstan, China, Nepal, Pakistan, North America, Central, WesternHaplinis Simon, 1894 – Australia, New ZealandHaplomaro Miller, 1970 – AngolaHelophora Menge, 1866 – Kyrgyzstan, China, Caucasus, Russia, North AmericaHelsdingenia Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 – Cameroon, Comoros, Madagascar, Nigeria, St. Helena, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri LankaHerbiphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaHeterolinyphia Wunderlich, 1973 – Bhutan, India, NepalHeterotrichoncus Wunderlich, 1970 – EuropeHilaira Simon, 1884 – China, Japan, Mongolia, Nepal, Europe, Russia, North AmericaHimalafurca Tanasevitch, 2021 – NepalHimalaphantes Tanasevitch, 1992 – China, Japan, India, Nepal, RussiaHolma Locket, 1974 – AngolaHolmelgonia Jocqué & Scharff, 2007 – AfricaHolminaria Eskov, 1991 – China, Mongolia, RussiaHorcotes Crosby & Bishop, 1933 – Russia, Scandinavia, North AmericaHoushenzinus Tanasevitch, 2006 – ChinaHubertella Platnick, 1989 – NepalHybauchenidium Holm, 1973 – Mongolia, Russia, Finland, Sweden, North AmericaHybocoptus Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Morocco, FranceHylyphantes Simon, 1884 – Asia, RussiaHyperafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandHypomma Dahl, 1886 – Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Japan, Turkey, Russia, North Macedonia, North America, New CaledoniaHypselistes Simon, 1894 – Kazakhstan, Eastern Asia, Russia, North AmericaHypselocara Millidge, 1991 – VenezuelaIbadana Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 – Cameroon, NigeriaIberoneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 1984 – SpainIcariella Brignoli, 1979 – GreeceIdionella Banks, 1893 – North AmericaImprophantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Kenya, Asia, Europe, North AfricaIncestophantes Tanasevitch, 1992 – Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Georgia, Alps, Russia, Scandinavia, North AmericaIndophantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2003 – China, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Nepal, PakistanIntecymbium Miller, 2007 – Argentina, ChileIpa Saaristo, 2007 – Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Caucasus, Turkey, EuropeIpaoides Tanasevitch, 2008 – ChinaIslandiana Brændegaard, 1932 – Russia, Iceland, North AmericaIvielum Eskov, 1988 – Mongolia, Russia, CanadaJacksonella Millidge, 1951 – Korea, Cyprus, Greece, central Europe, Northern, westernJalapyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 – Dominican Republic, Mexico, ColombiaJanetschekia Schenkel, 1939 – Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Albania, Italy, FranceJavagone Tanasevitch, 2020 – IndonesiaJavanaria Tanasevitch, 2020 – IndonesiaJavanyphia Tanasevitch, 2020 – IndonesiaJilinus Lin, Lopardo & Uhl, 2022 – China, Korea, RussiaJohorea Locket, 1982 – Malaysia, SingaporeJuanfernandezia Koçak & Kemal, 2008 – ChileKaestneria Wiehle, 1956 – China, Japan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Czechia, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, North AmericaKagurargus Ono, 2007 – JapanKalimagone Tanasevitch, 2017 – MalaysiaKarita Tanasevitch, 2007 – Germany, Poland, Russia, Ireland, Scandinavia, Belgium, BritainKenocymbium Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – Indonesia, Malaysia, ThailandKetambea Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – Asia, RussiaKikimora Eskov, 1988 – Russia, Finland, NorwayKnischatiria Wunderlich, 1976 – Indonesia, Malaysia, AustraliaKoinothrix Jocqué, 1981 – Cape VerdeKolymocyba Eskov, 1989 – RussiaKratochviliella Miller, 1938 – Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, FranceLabicymbium Millidge, 1991 – South AmericaLabulla Simon, 1884 – Portugal, Spain, FranceLabullinyphia van Helsdingen, 1985 – China, Sri LankaLabullula Strand, 1913 – Angola, Cameroon, ComorosLaetesia Simon, 1908 – Thailand, Australia, Vanuatu, New ZealandLamellasia Tanasevitch, 2014 – ThailandLaminacauda Millidge, 1985 – Panama, South AmericaLaminafroneta Merrett, 2004 – Cameroon, Congo, Eastern AfricaLaogone Tanasevitch, 2014 – China, LaosLaperousea Dalmas, 1917 – Australia, New ZealandLasiargus Kulczyński, 1894 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, RussiaLenis Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 – ChinaLepthyphantes Menge, 1866 – Africa, Asia, Europe, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Chile, North America, New CaledoniaLeptorhoptrum Kulczyński, 1894 – Japan, RussiaLeptothrix Menge, 1869 – EuropeLessertia Smith, 1908 – Algeria, Morocco, Turkey, Canary Islands, Madeira, Italy, Spain. Introduced to Canada, New ZealandLessertinella Denis, 1947 – Alps, Slovakia, Romania, North MacedoniaLidia Saaristo & Marusik, 2004 – Kazakhstan, KyrgyzstanLimoneta Bosmans & Jocqué, 1983 – Cameroon, Kenya, South AfricaLinyphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 – North AmericaLinyphia Latreille, 1804 – Algeria, Morocco, Asia, United States to South America, Australia, Cook Islands, SamoaLocketidium Jocqué, 1981 – Kenya, Malawi, TanzaniaLocketiella Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – Brunei, IndonesiaLocketina Kocak & Kemal, 2006 – Brunei, MalaysiaLomaita Bryant, 1948 – Dominican RepublicLophomma Menge, 1868 – Russia, North AmericaLotusiphantes Chen & Yin, 2001 – ChinaLucrinus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – South AfricaLutosus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaLygarina Simon, 1894 – South AmericaMachadocara Miller, 1970 – Congo, Kenya, ZambiaMacrargus Dahl, 1886 – China, Mongolia, EuropeMaculoncus Wunderlich, 1995 – Taiwan, Caucasus, Israel, Cyprus, GreeceMalkinola Miller, 2007 – ChileMansuphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Caucasus, Turkey, EuropeMaorineta Millidge, 1988 – Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Cook IslandsMaro O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1907 – Japan, Mongolia, Russia, North AmericaMartensinus Wunderlich, 1973 – NepalMasikia Millidge, 1984 – Russia, North AmericaMaso Simon, 1884 – Asia, Russia, Portugal, Alaska, United StatesMasoncus Chamberlin, 1949 – North AmericaMasonetta Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 – United StatesMecopisthes Simon, 1926 – Algeria, Morocco, Turkmenistan, China, Japan, Caucasus, Israel, EuropeMecynargoides Eskov, 1988 – Mongolia, RussiaMecynargus Kulczyński, 1894 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, Europe, Alaska, Canada, GreenlandMecynidis Simon, 1894 – Angola, Kenya, Tanzania, South AfricaMegafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandMegalepthyphantes Wunderlich, 1994 – Algeria, Morocco, Asia, Russia, Cyprus, GreeceMermessus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 – China, Japan, Korea, Russia, North America, South America. Introduced worldwideMesasigone Tanasevitch, 1989 – Kazakhstan, China, Iran, RussiaMetafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandMetaleptyphantes Locket, 1968 – Africa, IndonesiaMetamynoglenes Blest, 1979 – New ZealandMetapanamomops Millidge, 1977 – FinlandMetopobactrus Simon, 1884 – Japan, Korea, Caucasus, Turkey, Europe, CanadaMicrargpelecopsis Wunderlich, 2025 – PortugalMicrargus Dahl, 1886 – Uganda, Europe, Asia, North America, North AfricaMicrobathyphantes van Helsdingen, 1985 – Angola, Cameroon, Seychelles, Nigeria, AsiaMicroctenonyx Dahl, 1886 – Nigeria, Italy, Macaronesia, North Africa to Kyrgyzstan. Introduced worldwideMicrocyba Holm, 1962 – AfricaMicrolinyphia Gerhardt, 1928 – Africa, Asia, Russia, North AmericaMicroneta Menge, 1869 – Asia, Russia, Sweden, United States to Brazil, New Guinea, North AfricaMicroplanus Millidge, 1991 – Panama, ColombiaMidia Saaristo & Wunderlich, 1995 – EuropeMiftengris Eskov, 1993 – RussiaMillidgea Locket, 1968 – AngolaMillidgella Kammerer, 2006 – Argentina, ChileMinicia Thorell, 1875 – Algeria, Kazakhstan, Western Asia, EuropeMinyriolus Simon, 1884 – Caucasus, Austria, Russia, Croatia, Italy, France, ArgentinaMioxena Simon, 1926 – Angola, Congo, KenyaMitrager van Helsdingen, 1985 – Indonesia, India, NepalMoebelia Dahl, 1886 – China, Caucasus, Germany, FranceMoebelotinus Wunderlich, 1995 – Mongolia, RussiaMolestia Tu, Saaristo & Li, 2006 – China, FranceMonocephalus Smith, 1906 – EuropeMonocerellus Tanasevitch, 1983 – RussiaMontilaira Chamberlin, 1921 – North AmericaMoreiraxena Miller, 1970 – AngolaMoyosi Miller, 2007 – Argentina, Brazil, GuyanaMughiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999 – Asia, EuropeMurphydium Jocqué, 1996 – Kenya, SomaliaMycula Schikora, 1994 – Austria, Germany, ItalyMyrmecomelix Millidge, 1993 – Ecuador, PeruMythoplastoides Crosby & Bishop, 1933 – North AmericaNapometa Benoit, 1977 – St. HelenaNasoona Locket, 1982 – Asia, VenezuelaNasoonaria Wunderlich & Song, 1995 – China, Southeast AsiaNematogmus Simon, 1884 – Asia, Russia, North AfricaNenilinium Eskov, 1988 – Mongolia, RussiaNentwigia Millidge, 1995 – Indonesia, ThailandNeocautinella Baert, 1990 – South AmericaNeodietrichia Özdikmen, 2008 – North AmericaNeoeburnella Koçak, 1986 – Ivory CoastNeomaso Forster, 1970 – South AmericaNeonesiotes Millidge, 1991 – OceaniaNeriene Blackwall, 1833 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Brazil, UruguayNeserigone Eskov, 1992 – Japan, RussiaNesioneta Millidge, 1991 – Asia, Oceania, United Arab EmiratesNihonella Ballarin & Yamasaki, 2021 – JapanNippononeta Eskov, 1992 – Eastern Asia, RussiaNipponotusukuru Saito & Ono, 2001 – JapanNispa Eskov, 1993 – Japan, RussiaNotholepthyphantes Millidge, 1985 – ChileNothophantes Merrett & Stevens, 1995 – BritainNotiogyne Tanasevitch, 2007 – RussiaNotiohyphantes Millidge, 1985 – Brazil, Chile, GalapagosNotiomaso Banks, 1914 – Argentina, ChileNotioscopus Simon, 1884 – South Africa, China, Mongolia, RussiaNotolinga Lavery & Dupérré, 2019 – ArgentinaNovafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandNovafrontina Millidge, 1991 – Colombia, Ecuador, PeruNovalaetesia Millidge, 1988 – New ZealandNusoncus Wunderlich, 2008 – EuropeOaphantes Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 – North AmericaObrimona Strand, 1934 – Sri LankaObscuriphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2000 – Kazakhstan, China, Caucasus, Turkey, Russia, Southern EuropeOculocornia Oliger, 1985 – RussiaOedothorax Bertkau, 1883 – Ethiopia, Asia, Europe, North America, North AfricaOia Wunderlich, 1973 – Asia, RussiaOilinyphia Ono & Saito, 1989 – China, Japan, ThailandOilinyphioides Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 – ChinaOkhotigone Eskov, 1993 – China, Japan, RussiaOnychembolus Millidge, 1985 – Argentina, ChileOreocyba Holm, 1962 – Kenya, UgandaOreoneta Kulczyński, 1894 – Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Europe, North AmericaOreonetides Strand, 1901 – China, Japan, Taiwan, Europe, North AmericaOreophantes Eskov, 1984 – North AmericaOrfeo Miller, 2007 – BrazilOriganates Crosby & Bishop, 1933 – United StatesOrsonwelles Hormiga, 2002 – HawaiiOryphantes Hull, 1933 – Kazakhstan, Russia, North AmericaOstearius Hull, 1911 – China. Introduced to Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, Canada, New ZealandOuedia Bosmans & Abrous, 1992 – Algeria, Tunisia, Southern EuropePachydelphus Jocqué & Bosmans, 1983 – Gabon, Ivory Coast, Sierra LeonePacifiphantes Eskov & Marusik, 1994 – China, Korea, Russia, North AmericaPahangone Tanasevitch, 2018 – MalaysiaPaikiniana Eskov, 1992 – China, Japan, KoreaPalaeohyphantes Millidge, 1984 – AustraliaPalliduphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001 – North Africa, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, EuropePanamomops Simon, 1884 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Caucasus, EuropeParacornicularia Crosby & Bishop, 1931 – United StatesParacymboides Tanasevitch, 2011 – IndiaParaeboria Eskov, 1990 – RussiaParafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandParaglyphesis Eskov, 1991 – RussiaParagongylidiellum Wunderlich, 1973 – India, NepalParaletes Millidge, 1991 – Brazil, PeruParameioneta Locket, 1982 – China, Southeast AsiaParapelecopsis Wunderlich, 1992 – Georgia, Madeira, Portugal, France, BritainParasisis Eskov, 1984 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaParatapinocyba Saito, 1986 – JapanParatmeticus Marusik & Koponen, 2010 – Japan, RussiaParawubanoides Eskov & Marusik, 1992 – Mongolia, RussiaParbatthorax Tanasevitch, 2019 – China, NepalParhypomma Eskov, 1992 – JapanParo Berland, 1942 – French PolynesiaParvunaria Tanasevitch, 2018 – MyanmarPatagoneta Millidge, 1985 – ChilePecado Hormiga & Scharff, 2005 – Algeria, Morocco, SpainPelecopsidis Bishop & Crosby, 1935 – United StatesPelecopsis Simon, 1864 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North AmericaPeponocranium Simon, 1884 – Mongolia, Georgia, EuropePerlongipalpus Eskov & Marusik, 1991 – Mongolia, RussiaPerregrinus Tanasevitch, 1992 – China, Mongolia, Russia, CanadaPerro Tanasevitch, 1992 – Russia, CanadaPhanetta Keyserling, 1886 – United StatesPhyllarachne Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – BruneiPiesocalus Simon, 1894 – IndonesiaPiniphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Asia, Alps, FrancePityohyphantes Simon, 1929 – Kazakhstan, Japan, Russia, North AmericaPlaesianillus Simon, 1926 – FrancePlatyspira Song & Li, 2009 – ChinaPlectembolus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – Indonesia, Malaysia, PhilippinesPlesiophantes Heimer, 1981 – Caucasus, Georgia, Turkey, RussiaPlicatiductus Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – IndonesiaPocadicnemis Simon, 1884 – Asia, Russia, Southern Europe, North AmericaPocobletus Simon, 1894 – North to South AmericaPoecilafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandPoeciloneta Kulczyński, 1894 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Georgia, Iran, Russia, North AmericaPorrhomma Simon, 1884 – Asia, Europe, North AmericaPraestigia Millidge, 1954 – Japan, Mongolia, Europe, Alaska, Canada, GreenlandPrimerigonina Wunderlich, 1995 – PanamaPrinerigone Millidge, 1988 – Africa, AsiaProcerocymbium Eskov, 1989 – Russia, CanadaProelauna Jocqué, 1981 – Angola, Malawi, TanzaniaProislandiana Tanasevitch, 1985 – Armenia, Turkey, RussiaPromynoglenes Blest, 1979 – New ZealandPronasoona Millidge, 1995 – Malaysia, ThailandProsoponoides Millidge & Russell-Smith, 1992 – China, Southeast Asia, IndiaProtoerigone Blest, 1979 – New ZealandProtopalpus Tanasevitch, 2021 – ThailandProtosintula Tanasevitch, 2021 – IsraelPseudafroneta Blest, 1979 – New ZealandPseudocarorita Wunderlich, 1980 – Central EuropePseudocyba Tanasevitch, 1984 – Kazakhstan, RussiaPseudohilaira Eskov, 1990 – RussiaPseudomaro Denis, 1966 – EuropePseudomaso Locket & Russell-Smith, 1980 – NigeriaPseudomicrargus Eskov, 1992 – JapanPseudomicrocentria Miller, 1970 – Africa, Malaysia, SingaporePseudoporrhomma Eskov, 1993 – RussiaPseudotapinopa Wunderlich, 2024 – EcuadorPseudotyphistes Brignoli, 1972 – South AmericaPseudowubana Eskov & Marusik, 1992 – Mongolia, RussiaPsilocymbium Millidge, 1991 – South AmericaPutaoa Hormiga & Tu, 2008 – China, TaiwanRacata Millidge, 1995 – Indonesia, ThailandRhabdogyna Millidge, 1985 – ChileRingina Tambs-Lyche, 1954 – Crozet IslandsRussocampus Tanasevitch, 2004 – Caucasus, Ukraine, RussiaRyojius Saito & Ono, 2001 – China, Japan, KoreaSaaristoa Millidge, 1978 – Japan, North AmericaSachaliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaSaitonia Eskov, 1992 – China, Japan, KoreaSaloca Simon, 1926 – Nepal, Turkey, Russia, CentralSatilatlas Keyserling, 1886 – Russia, North America, Central, WesternSauron Eskov, 1995 – Kazakhstan, Turkey, RussiaSavignia Blackwall, 1833 – Comoros, Ethiopia, Algeria, Kazakhstan, East Asia, Caucasus, Russia, Europe, Canada, AustraliaSavigniorrhipis Wunderlich, 1992 – AzoresScandichrestus Wunderlich, 1995 – Russia, Estonia, Finland, SwedenSciastes Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Italy, France, North AmericaScirites Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaScironis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaScolecura Millidge, 1991 – Argentina, Brazil, ColombiaScolopembolus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaScotargus Simon, 1913 – Algeria, Morocco, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Caucasus, Iran, Canary Islands, RussiaScotinotylus Simon, 1884 – Kazakhstan, China, Japan?, Mongolia, Europe, North AmericaScutpelecopsis Marusik & Gnelitsa, 2009 – Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Southern EuropeScylaceus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaScyletria Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaSelenyphantes Gertsch & Davis, 1946 – Costa Rica, Guatemala, MexicoSemljicola Strand, 1906 – Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Norway, Scandinavia, North America, BritainSengletus Tanasevitch, 2008 – Egypt, Iran, IsraelShaanxinus Tanasevitch, 2006 – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, RussiaShanus Tanasevitch, 2006 – ChinaSibirocyba Eskov & Marusik, 1994 – RussiaSilometopoides Eskov, 1990 – Kazakhstan, Eastern Asia, Russia, North AmericaSilometopus Simon, 1926 – Egypt?, Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Iran, Israel, EuropeSimplicistilus Locket, 1968 – Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, NigeriaSingatrichona Tanasevitch, 2019 – SingaporeSinisterigone Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2022 – ChinaSinogone Irfan, Wang & Zhang, 2023 – ChinaSinolinyphia Wunderlich & Li, 1995 – China, RussiaSinopimoa Li & Wunderlich, 2008 – ChinaSintula Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Asia, EuropeSisicottus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – Russia, North AmericaSisicus Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – Europe, Russia, North AmericaSisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaSisyrbe Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – United StatesSitalcas Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – United StatesSmerasia Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaSmermisia Simon, 1894 – Costa Rica, South AmericaSmodix Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaSolenysa Simon, 1894 – Eastern AsiaSoucron Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSouessa Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSouessoula Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSougambus Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSouidas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSoulgas Crosby & Bishop, 1936 – North AmericaSpanioplanus Millidge, 1991 – South AmericaSpelaeus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 – ChinaSphecozone O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 – Trinidad, United States, South AmericaSpiralophantes Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – NepalSpirembolus Chamberlin, 1920 – North AmericaStaveleya Sherwood, 2021 – Switzerland, Ukraine, Italy, FranceStemonyphantes Menge, 1866 – Asia, Ukraine, Russia, Italy, Slovenia, France, North AmericaSthelota Simon, 1894 – Guatemala, PanamaStictonanus Millidge, 1991 – Chile, Falkland IslandsStrandella Oi, 1960 – China, Japan, Korea, RussiaStrongyliceps Fage, 1936 – Kenya, UgandaStyloctetor Simon, 1884 – Asia, Alps, Russia, North America, North AfricaSubbekasha Millidge, 1984 – CanadaSyedra Simon, 1884 – DR Congo, China, Japan, Korea, EuropeSymmigma Crosby & Bishop, 1933 – North AmericaTachygyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1939 – North AmericaTaibainus Tanasevitch, 2006 – ChinaTaibaishanus Tanasevitch, 2006 – ChinaTallusia Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1972 – Kazakhstan, China, Japan, Caucasus, Turkey, Russia, Greece, ItalyTanasevitchia Marusik & Saaristo, 1999 – RussiaTapinocyba Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Morocco, Asia, Europe, North AmericaTapinocyboides Wiehle, 1960 – India, RussiaTapinopa Westring, 1851 – Algeria, Asia, Russia, Southern Europe, North AmericaTaranucnus Simon, 1884 – Japan, Turkey, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, North AmericaTarsiphantes Strand, 1905 – Russia, Alaska, Canada, GreenlandTchatkalophantes Tanasevitch, 2001 – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, PakistanTegulinus Tanasevitch, 2017 – IndonesiaTennesseellum Petrunkevitch, 1925 – Bonaire, North America. Introduced to Marshall IslandsTenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 – Tanzania, Algeria, Asia, Europe, North America, Balkans?. Introduced to New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, Falkland IsTernatus Sun, Li & Tu, 2012 – ChinaTessamoro Eskov, 1993 – RussiaThainetes Millidge, 1995 – ThailandThaiphantes Millidge, 1995 – ThailandThaleria Tanasevitch, 1984 – Russia, AlaskaThapsagus Simon, 1894 – MadagascarThaumatoncus Simon, 1884 – Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, Italy, Spain, FranceTheoa Saaristo, 1995 – Seychelles, China, Southeast AsiaTheoneta Eskov & Marusik, 1991 – RussiaTheonina Simon, 1929 – Caucasus, Georgia?, Israel, Ukraine, Russia, Central Europe to Greece, North AfricaThyreobaeus Simon, 1889 – MadagascarThyreosthenius Simon, 1884 – Caucasus, RussiaTibiaster Tanasevitch, 1987 – Kazakhstan, RussiaTibioploides Eskov & Marusik, 1991 – China, Japan, Russia, Estonia, Scandinavia, AlaskaTibioplus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 – Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia, Scandinavia, Alaska, CanadaTiso Simon, 1884 – Asia, Madeira, Russia, Canada, GreenlandTmeticodes Ono, 2010 – JapanTmeticus Menge, 1868 – Eastern Asia, Russia, North AmericaTojinium Saito & Ono, 2001 – JapanToltecaria Miller, 2007 – MexicoTomohyphantes Millidge, 1995 – IndonesiaTotua Keyserling, 1891 – BrazilTrachyneta Holm, 1968 – Congo, MalawiTraematosisis Bishop & Crosby, 1938 – North AmericaTrematocephalus Dahl, 1886 – China, Sri Lanka, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, Russia, FranceTrichobactrus Wunderlich, 1995 – Mongolia, RussiaTrichoncoides Denis, 1950 – Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Iran, Turkey, Russia, France, North AfricaTrichoncus Simon, 1884 – Kenya, North Africa, Kazakhstan, China, Western Asia, EuropeTrichoncyboides Wunderlich, 2008 – Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, FranceTrichopterna Kulczyński, 1894 – Tanzania, Algeria, Morocco, Caucasus, Turkey, Russia, Southern EuropeTrichopternoides Wunderlich, 2008 – RussiaTriplogyna Millidge, 1991 – Argentina, Brazil, ColombiaTroglohyphantes Joseph, 1882 – Algeria, Tunisia, Western Asia, EuropeTroxochrota Kulczyński, 1894 – Germany, Switzerland, Romania, Russia, Estonia, ScandinaviaTroxochrus Simon, 1884 – Angola, Caucasus, Israel, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, GreeceTubercithorax Eskov, 1988 – RussiaTunagyna Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933 – Russia, North AmericaTurbinellina Millidge, 1993 – Argentina, ChileTurinyphia van Helsdingen, 1982 – China, Japan, Korea, Azores, Madeira, AlpsTusukuru Eskov, 1993 – Russia, North AmericaTutaibo Chamberlin, 1916 – Guatemala, Mexico, United States, South AmericaTybaertiella Jocqué, 1979 – Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, East Africa, Central, WestTyphistes Simon, 1894 – Ethiopia, Sri LankaTyphlonyphia Kratochvíl, 1936 – CroatiaTyphochrestinus Eskov, 1990 – RussiaTyphochrestoides Eskov, 1990 – RussiaTyphochrestus Simon, 1884 – Northern Africa, Caucasus, Israel, Turkey, Europe, North AmericaUahuka Berland, 1935 – Marquesas IslandsUapou Berland, 1935 – Marquesas IslandsUlugurella Jocqué & Scharff, 1986 – TanzaniaUmmeliata Strand, 1942 – Asia, RussiaUralophantes Esyunin, 1992 – Ukraine, RussiaUssurigone Eskov, 1993 – RussiaVagiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 2004 – Central Asia, PakistanVenia Seyfulina & Jocqué, 2009 – KenyaVermontia Millidge, 1984 – Russia, North AmericaVesicapalpus Millidge, 1991 – Argentina, BrazilVietnagone Tanasevitch, 2019 – China, VietnamViktorium Eskov, 1988 – RussiaVittatus Zhao & Li, 2014 – ChinaWabasso Millidge, 1984 – Russia, Iceland, Scandinavia, North America, BritainWalckenaeria Blackwall, 1833 – Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, ColombiaWalckenaerianus Wunderlich, 1995 – Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Bulgaria, RussiaWeintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 – China, Japan, RussiaWiehlea Braun, 1959 – Germany, Spain, Belgium, France, BritainWiehlenarius Eskov, 1990 – Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Greece, ItalyWubana Chamberlin, 1919 – North AmericaWubanoides Eskov, 1986 – Japan, Mongolia, Czechia, Germany, RussiaWulinggone Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 – ChinaWulingnus Irfan, Zhang & Peng, 2025 – ChinaWuliphantes Irfan, Wang & Zhang, 2023 – ChinaXim Ibarra-Núñez, Chamé-Vázquez & Maya-Morales, 2021 – MexicoYakutopus Eskov, 1990 – RussiaYuelushannus Irfan, Zhou, Bashir, Mukhtar & Peng, 2020 – ChinaZerogone Eskov & Marusik, 1994 – RussiaZhezhoulinyphia Irfan, Zhou & Peng, 2019 – ChinaZilephus Simon, 1902 – ArgentinaZornella Jackson, 1932 – Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Poland, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Lithuania, Scandinavia, North AmericaZygottus Chamberlin, 1949 – North America