Education in Poland
Education in Poland is compulsory; every child must receive education from when they are 7 years old until they are 18 years old. It is also mandatory for 6-year-old children to receive one year of kindergarten education, before starting primary school at 7 years old. Six-year-old children may also begin first grade at the request of their parents if they attended kindergarten in the preceding school year or have a positive opinion from a psychological and pedagogical counseling center. Primary school lasts eight years, and students must take a final exam at the end of the eighth grade. After graduating from primary school, people typically go on to attend secondary school, which lasts 4 or 5 years. They can also choose to educate themselves towards a specific profession or trade, and receive work experience and qualifications through apprenticeships. After graduating from secondary school and passing the final exam, called the matura, one can pursue a higher education at a university, college, etc.
The Commission of National Education established by King Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1773 in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the first ministry of education in the world, and the traditions continue. The international PISA 2012 praised the progresses made by Polish education in mathematics, science and literacy; the number of top-performers having increased since 2003 while the number of low-performers decreased again. In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated Polish education as fifth best in Europe and tenth best in the world.
There are several alternatives for the upper secondary education later on, the most common being the four years of a liceum or five years in a technikum. Both end with a maturity exam, and may be followed by several forms of upper education, leading to Bachelor: licencjat or inżynier, Master: magister and eventually PhD: doktor. The system of education in Poland allows for 22 years of continuous, uninterrupted schooling.
Compulsory education
Primary school
Children typically start attending primary school at the age of seven or six, if their guardians decide to, but the child must have attended kindergarten in the school year preceding the one in which they are to start primary school. If not, the child must have an opinion about the possibility of starting education provided by a psychological and pedagogical counseling center. Primary school typically takes eight years to complete. Prior to 2017, primary school only took six years to complete, after which students would attend the also mandatory gimnazjum, which lasted 3 years. However, this changed when the 2016 "Law on School Education" act was introduced by then-Minister of Education, Anna Zalewska. Gimnazjum was abolished, and replaced with 8 years of primary school. The changes began taking effect on 1 September 2017.Junior high school
Until 2019, the junior high school covered lower secondary education and ended general basic education and lasted three years. The subjects taught were: Polish language, history, civic education, two foreign languages, mathematics, physics and astronomy, chemistry, biology, geography, fine arts/music, technology, information technology, physical education and religion or ethics. At the end of the curriculum, pupils were evaluated based on their cinuing results and on an examination in humanities, science and foreign languages.Following 2016 reform by PiS ruling party changes to Polish education system were gradually introduced. Starting with the school year of 2017/18, middle schools were scheduled to be disbanded, primary schools to be extended to eight years and upper secondary schools to be given one year more, as it was before 1999. Institutions were either set to close or to be changed into primary schools or high schools by 1 September 2019.
Upper secondary education
education begins at the end of full-time compulsory education, preparing students for entry directly into the and/or tertiary education. Upper secondary education takes many forms.General education can be pursued in general secondary schools : after four years, students can pass the "Matura", which grants access to higher education. Vocational and technical education is mainly provided by technical schools and/or basic vocational schools. Technical schools last five years and lead to the Matura. Their primary goal is to teach occupations and trades, the most popular being: accountant, mechanic, electronics specialist, and salesperson. Basic vocational schools provide a vocational education lasting three years and grant a certificate of competence in various fields, the most popular being: shop-assistant, cook, gardener, automobile mechanic, hairdresser and baker. Graduates from basic vocational schools can pass the Matura after an extra-curriculum of two years in a general secondary school, or, since 2004, of three years in a technical school. Profiled general secondary schools provide a vocational education in four years, but only in fields described by the Polish Classification of Activities. In addition, mentally and/or physically handicapped students can join special schools which prepare them for the Matura in three years.
Tertiary education
Poland follows the Bologna scheme and most of its tertiary level programmes are made of two cycles: a three-year bachelor's degree followed by a two-year master's degree. Some master's degrees are however granted after a unique long-cycle programme, lasting between four and six years. Doctoral programmes are achieved in about three years. The diploma of primary school teachers requires three years of study within a teacher training college. Vocational education is handled by post-secondary school with programmes lasting two and a half years.Grading system at university level
University-level education uses a numeric system of grades from two to five, with most grades including 0.5 point increments: 2.0 is the failing grade, 3.0 is the lowest passing grade, followed by 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5, with 5.0 being the highest grade. There is no grade 2.5. A 5.5 or 6.0 is sometimes given as an "exceeds expectations" grade, but this differs among various universities and may be equivalent to 5.0 for some purposes. Similarly "3-" is occasionally given as a "barely passing" grade, but for all official purposes it is equivalent to 3.0.The grading is done every semester, not just once in a school year. Depending on the subject, the final grade may be based on the result of a single exam, or on the student's performance during the whole semester. In the latter case, a point system is generally used rather than the 2–5 scale. The points accumulated during the semester are added and converted to a final grade according to some scale.
As a failing grade means merely having to repeat the failed subject, and can usually be corrected on a retake exam, it is used much more liberally, and it is quite common for a significant number of students to fail a class on the first attempt.
Foreign languages
Students in Polish schools typically learn one or two foreign languages. In 2005/06, the fractions of students studying foreign languages in Polish schools included: English – 67.9%, German – 33.3%, French – 13.3%, Spanish – 10.2%, Russian – 6.1%, Italian – 4.3%, Latin – 0.6%.In 2005/06, there were 49,200 students in schools for national minorities, most of them in German, Kashubian, Ukrainian and Belarusian language schools.
Under the education reform introduced by Polish education minister Katarzyna Hall, students of Polish lower secondary schools had to learn two different foreign languages. The first foreign language was taught three times a week. The second foreign language was taught twice a week. The reform introduced two different levels of the exam – a higher level and a standard level. The results of lower secondary school language examinations contributed to the criteria of applying to enter upper secondary level school.
History
The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century, and Poland soon became one of the most educated countries in Europe. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that in the early 12th-century Polish intellectuals had access to European literature. The Jagiellonian University, founded in 1364 by King Casimir III in Kraków, is one of Europe's oldest universities. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established the Commission of National Education, the world's first state ministry of education.File:Ihnaci Jakub Masalski. Ігнаці Якуб Масальскі.jpg|thumb|upright|Bishop of Vilnius, Ignacy Massalski, was the first Chairman of the Commission of National Education
The first university in Poland, Kraków's Jagiellonian University, was established in 1364 by Casimir III the Great in Kraków. It is the oldest university in Poland. It is the second oldest university in Central Europe and one of the oldest universities in the world. Casimir III realized that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could codify the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were finally rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to open the University of Kraków.
During the 16th century, grammar and Latin were taught at an elementary level in schools established in 90% of parishes across Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. Secondary education was primarily accessible in larger urban centers. At the Jagiellonian University, the student composition leaned heavily toward urban-born individuals, who accounted for 65% of enrollment. Those from noble families made up 25%, while students from peasant origins represented 10%.
The idea of compulsory education was put forward by Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski in 1555. After the partitions of Poland, compulsory education was introduced by Prussian authorities in Polish provinces which belonged to Prussia, and Austrian authorities in Galicia. In the Russian Empire compulsory education did not exist. As a result, in 1921, after Poland regained independence, one-third of the population of the Second Polish Republic was illiterate. Illiteracy was very high in the east, but almost non-existent in western provinces. Compulsory education in Poland was introduced by a decree in February 1919. This covered all children aged 7 to 14. At the beginning, however, the newly created Polish state faced several problems of implementation – a lack of qualified teachers, buildings and funds. After World War II, compulsory education remained as one of the priorities of the state. By 1978, only 1.2 percent of the Polish population was illiterate. In Poland, compulsory education ends at the age of 18. It usually starts when children are 6 years old and ends after 12 years of learning. Contemporary Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school and compulsory education.