1643
Events
January–March
- January 21 - Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.
- February 6
- * In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.
- *Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.
- March 13 - First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich - Roundheads rout the Cavaliers at Middlewich in Cheshire.
- March 18 - Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross - English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland.
April–June
- April 1 - Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter.
- April 28 - Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason.
- May 14 - Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 76 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.
- May 19
- * Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi in France.
- * The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony, and New Haven Colony.
- May 20 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.
- June 30 - First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor - Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.
July–September
- July 1 - The Westminster Assembly of theologians and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.
- July 5 - First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne - Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.
- July 13 - First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down - Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
- August 24 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
- September 6 - Battle of Mongiovino: The forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, led by Mattias de' Medici, defeated the Papal forces commanded by Taddeo Barberini.
- September 20 - First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury - A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.
October–December
- October 8 - The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.
- October 28 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.
- November 14 - Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.
- November 24 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen - France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
- December 12 - Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.
- December 13 - First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.
- December 25 - Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.
- December 28 - Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.
Date unknown
- Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.
- An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.
- Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
- Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.
- Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum. This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.
- Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings to his student; he will complete it in 1654, just before his death.
- Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.
The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.Births
January–March
- January 2 - Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun
- January 4 - Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist
- January 7 - Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician
- January 9 - Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula
- January 13 - Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal
- January 25 - John Hayes, English politician
- January 24 - Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier
- January 30 - Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician
- February 6
- * Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician
- * Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician
- February 15 - García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala
- February 25
- * Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire
- * Christian Franz Paullini, German physician
- March 4 - Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician
- March 6 - Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian
- March 8 - Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō
- March 17 - Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal
- March 23 - Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic
- March 25 - Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist
- March 28 - Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath
- March 29 - Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain
April–June
- April 3 - Charles V, Duke of Lorraine
- April 6 - Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician
- April 30 - Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter
- May 3 - Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist
- May 7 - Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City
- May 8 - George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach
- May 9 - Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer
- May 10 - Gabriel Revel, French painter
- May 29 - Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon
July–September
- July 3 - Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop
- July 26 - Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician
- July 28 - Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer
- July 29 - Henri Jules, Prince of Condé
- August 3 - Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet
- August 16 - Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor
- August 18 - William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode
- August 21 - King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves
- August 26 - Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal
- September 3 - Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist
- September 5 - Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician
- September 6 - François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet
- September 14
- * Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith
- * Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian
- September 17 - Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer
- September 18 - Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian
- September 27 - Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts
- September 30 - Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books
October–December
- October 5 - Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire
- October 14 - Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India
- October 25 - Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer
- November 1 - John Strype, English historian and biographer
- November 4 - Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain
- November 16 - Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller
- November 22 - René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer
- November 23 - Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician
- December 24 - Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest
- December 28 - Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church
Date unknown
- Marie Grubbe, Danish countess
- Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter
- Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine
Deaths
- January 14 - John Bois, English scholar
- January 20 - Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble
- February 11 - Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg
- February 15 - Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel
- February 25 - Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer
- March 1
- * Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer
- * Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier
- April 4 - Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian
- April 12
- * Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach
- * Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian
- April 13 - Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun
- April 20 - Christoph Demantius, German composer
- April 28
- * Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State
- * Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach
- May 14 - King Louis XIII of France
- July 12 - François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome
- July 25 - Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman
- August - Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher
- August 7 - Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble
- August 22
- * Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I
- * Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist
- September 15 - Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician
- September 20, at the Battle of Newbury:
- * Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer
- * Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon
- * Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland
- September 21 - Emperor Hong Taiji of China
- October 2 - Jean Chalette, French painter
- October 29 - Brilliana, Lady Harley, English noble, letter writer and war heroine
- November 3
- * John Bainbridge, English astronomer
- * Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician
- * Sun Chuanting, Ming dynasty general
- November 14
- * Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble
- * George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman
- November 15 - Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier
- November 17 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France
- November 29
- * William Cartwright, English dramatist
- * Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer
- December 8 - John Pym, English statesman
- December 10 - Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician
- December 11
- * Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr
- * Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland, English politician
- December 30 - Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art
- approx. date - Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist
- date unknown
- * Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer and horticulturalist
- * María Pita, Spanish heroine