Turner Classic Movies


Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented pay-TV network owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. Launched on April 14, 1994, Turner Classic Movies is headquartered at Turner's Techwood broadcasting campus in the Midtown business district of Atlanta, Georgia.
The channel's programming consists mainly of classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment Co. film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros., Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the North American distribution rights to films from RKO Radio Pictures. However, Turner Classic Movies also licenses films from other studios and occasionally shows more recent films. Unlike its sister networks TBS, TNT, and TruTV, TCM does not carry any sports coverage through TNT Sports.
The main channel is available in the United States and Canada, with international counterparts also available in France, French-speaking Switzerland, French-speaking Belgium and Spain.

History

Origins

In 1981, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists for $380 million. Three years later, in 1984, Ted Turner looked to acquire a library of entertainment programming, primarily for his Atlanta-based "superstation" WTBS. An attempt to acquire CBS had failed when the network announced a large stock buyback to thwart Turner's takeover attempt. In July 1985, Kirk Kerkorian, who had controlled a 50 percent stake of MGM/UA, told Turner he would auction the MGM studio the next month for $1.6 billion. However, the deal did not include the film libraries for United Artists and the pre-1950 Warner Bros. catalogue. Turner replied he would buy MGM if the other libraries were part of the acquisition.
On August 7, 1985, Turner Broadcasting System announced it would acquire MGM/UA for $1.5 billion and Turner would immediately sell United Artists back to Kerkorian for $470 million, resulting in a net purchase price of just below $1 billion. Turner stated, "The acquisition of MGM represents an excellent opportunity to improve the strength and stability of TBS We look forward to prompt completion of the merger and working with the employees of MGM toward a smooth transition." As part of the merger deal, Turner would also have to assume $500 million of MGM's existing debt. To finance the purchase, Turner retained the investment firm Drexel Burnham Lambert as its financial adviser, in which a tentative deal was proposed to raise a "substantial portion" of the required cash through selling high-yield junk bonds.
Turner's initial offer to acquire MGM/UA was $29 per share, for a total of $1.5 billion. However, by October 1985, it was reported Turner was having trouble raising the finances for the deal and was considering relinquishing some company assets. The deal was renegotiated to $25 per share in cash and one share of preferred stock with Turner Broadcasting. On January 14, 1986, it was reported that negotiations for the scaled-down $1.45 billion merger had reached an impasse and both parties were looking to salvage the deal. Both parties released a statement, stating they were "in discussions with a view to a possible restructuring of the agreement under which Turner Broadcasting is to acquire MGM-UA." Three days later, Turner Broadcasting agreed to pay $20 per share in cash and one dividend share of Turner preferred stock of $10.33, for a grand total of $1.25 billion.
On March 4, 1986, shareholders of both Turner Broadcasting and MGM/UA approved the merger deal. The merger deal was completed on March 25, 1986, which granted Turner the ownership of MGM/UA's film library. The library also included the RKO and pre-1950 Warner Bros. films, the latter of which had been held by United Artists since their 1958 acquisition of Associated Artists Productions. Turner renamed his studio division MGM Entertainment Co. However, Turner Broadcasting System's corporate debt load totaled $2 billion, in which Turner simply could not afford to keep MGM under those circumstances. By June 1986, Turner had agreed to sell MGM back to Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio only three months before. Financial analysts estimated that Turner had overpaid to acquire MGM. As a condition of the financial agreement, Turner was required to make principal repayments of $600 million within six months of the merger, or extend the maturity of debt which would likely include higher interest rates.
On August 26, 1986, Turner sold MGM's production and distribution operations for $300 million to United Artists, while MGM's studio lot and film processing laboratories were sold for $190 million to Lorimar-Telepictures. However, Turner Broadcasting still retained the pre-May 1986 MGM/UA film library. When the exchange was finalized, Turner rebranded his division Turner Entertainment Company.
The film library of Turner Entertainment Co. would serve as the base form of programming for Turner Classic Movies upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon.

Launch and contributions (1994–1996)

Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14, 1994, at 6 p.m. Eastern Time, with Ted Turner launching the channel at a ceremony in New York City's Times Square district. The date and time were chosen to mark the exact centennial anniversary of the first commercial exhibition of a motion picture in the United States. Gone with the Wind was the first film broadcast on TCM; it was also the same film that served as the debut broadcast of its sister channel TNT six years earlier on October 3, 1988. At the time of its launch, Turner Classic Movies was available to approximately 1 million cable television subscribers.
The network originally served as a competitor to AMC, which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and was owned by Rainbow Media, a subsidiary of the now-defunct Cablevision. AMC maintained a virtually identical format to Turner Classic Movies, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format.

Time Warner ownership (1996–2018)

In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner which, besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave Turner Classic Movies access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1950 ; incidentally, Turner Classic Movies had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel.
In May 2002, AMC announced it was abandoning its commercial-free format, doubling its number of commercials from four to eight minutes an hour. It also announced it was expanding its programming to include more contemporary films. On September 30, 2002, AMC underwent a significant rebranding, in which they retired the American Movie Classics name and debuted a new logo and tagline. Its revamped approach was expanded to broadcast contemporary films and original programming. This made Turner Classic Movies the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption or content editing.

TCM Movie Database (2006–2025)

Launched in 2006 as TCMdb, Turner Classic Movies maintained its own comprehensive database of motion picture history. The database included actors, actresses, and film crew, and motion picture titles, not limited to the film libraries that Turner Classic Movies owned, and it included links by which a user could request that Turner Classic Movies schedule any title for viewing.
 Richard B. Steiner was the creator, architect, and supervisor of the TCM Movie Database. By 2013, the Watch TCM app for iOS, Android, and Blackberry had some database information. Leonard Maltin's reviews were included in the database. Over the years, features such as integrated airdates were removed. Database entries were available until November 2025; articles from the database are still throughout the new website under the Articles section. Beginning in November 2025, TCM.com began directing users to the American Film Institute's Catalog of Feature Films with a prominent link.

Corporate restructuring (2019–present)

On March 4, 2019, Time Warner's new owner AT&T announced a planned reorganization to effectively dissolve the Turner Broadcasting System division, which involved Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Turner Classic Movies, and digital media company Otter Media being transferred directly under Warner Bros. Entertainment. Aside from Otter, which was transferred to WarnerMedia Entertainment on May 31, 2019 to oversee development of HBO Max, the newly transferred properties came under a newly formed division, Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics.
On September 1, 2021, TCM introduced a new logo and slogan, "Where Then Meets Now", in the network's first major rebranding since its launch. The rebranding was intended to give the channel a more modern and energetic presentation while continuing to emphasize its commitment to showcasing classic cinema; new branding elements include Technicolor-inspired color schemes, and a new stylized "C" in its wordmark, which resembles a camera lens and symbolizes themes of "curation", "context", "culture" and "connection".
In March 2023, it was announced that TCM was marking the centennial of Warner Bros., in conjunction with The Film Foundation and the TCM Classic Film Festival. This included special airings of newly-restored Warner Bros. films: Rio Bravo, and East of Eden.
On June 20, 2023, multiple TCM executives were released by the channel's current owner, Warner Bros. Discovery, as part of layoffs affecting its U.S. Networks division. The network was to be moved under the oversight of Cartoon Network head Michael Ouweleen, and it was reported that there were plans for more synergies and cross-promotion of TCM with the rest of the networks group. The layoffs led to concerns over the future of the channel, with filmmakers Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, and Paul Thomas Anderson holding a meeting with WBD CEO David Zaslav to discuss them. They later issued a joint statement, explaining that the channel has been a "precious resource of cinema, open 24 hours a day seven days a week", and had "always been a profitable endeavor".
On June 23, 2023, WBD appointed the Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group's CEOs Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy as heads of the network, reporting to head of U.S. Networks Kathleen Finch. The pair stated that "We have each spent time talking to Zaslav, separately and together, and it's clear that TCM and classic cinema are very important to him. Our primary aim is to ensure that TCM's programming is untouched and protected." On June 28, it was announced that Scorsese, Spielberg, and Anderson would actively collaborate with De Luca and Abdy on the network's direction; a spokesperson stated that "TCM is not immune to the very real pressure on the entire linear ecosystem, but we have taken steps to ensure that we stay true to the mission of the network — bringing more titles to the air, driving content investment, and preserving and protecting the culture of cinema."
On June 9, 2025, Zaslav announced Warner Bros. Discovery was splitting into two divisions: "Streaming and Studios" and "Global Linear Networks", with the split to be finalized by mid-2026. Zaslav is expected to head the streaming and studios division, while WBD chief financial officer Gunnar Wiedenfels will head the cable division. A month later, it was announced TCM will be placed under a "special custody arrangement" unique from its sister channels. The programming and strategy functions will remain with Zaslav's division, while the distribution and business operations will be placed under Wiedenfel's division. Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy will remain as the heads of the channel.
In October 2025, Bloomberg reported that David Ellison, the new CEO of Paramount Skydance, had made a $20 per share bid for Warner Bros. Discovery, which was rebuffed for being too low. Later that month, the WBD board of directors placed the studio for sale after receiving "unsolicited interest" from multiple parties, which included Comcast and Netflix. On December 5, 2025, it was announced that Netflix had agreed to acquire the Warner Bros. studio, television and streaming assets in an $82.7 billion deal, beating out bids from Paramount Skydance and Comcast. The deal is expected to be finalized after the scheduled split of WBD into two companies closes in the third quarter of 2026. That same day, Deadline Hollywood reported that TCM is likely among the assets acquired by Netflix, unique from its sister channels that will form the Discovery Global spin-off.