Stylommatophora


Stylommatophora is an order of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles.
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day. A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous.
Stylommatophora is the most diverse group of terrestrial gastropods, with approximately 22,753 species recognized as of 2024.
File:Caucasotachea_atrolabiata.jpg|thumb|Caucasotachea atrolabiata
File:Helicella_macedonica.jpg|thumb|Helicella macedonica
File:Snail-WA edit02.jpg|thumb|right|Cepaea hortensis, within the Helicoidea.File:Trochulus hispidus live.jpg|thumb|right|An individual of Trochulus hispidus, a stylommatophoran land snail in the family Hygromiidae within the Helicoidea.

2017 taxonomy

The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al.. Parts of the 2017 system have become obsolete due to new phylogenetic studies and continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase.
Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships.
suborder Achatinina
suborder Scolodontina
suborder Helicina

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.