Outline of human anatomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:
Human anatomy is the scientific study of the anatomy of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology, and cytology.

Essence of human anatomy

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Branches of human anatomy

Gross anatomy - systemic or region-wise study of human body parts and organs. Gross anatomy encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology.
Comparative anatomy - the study of evolution of species through similarities and differences in their anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy.
Cell biology and cytogenetics.
Surface anatomy.
Radiological anatomy.
Developmental anatomy.

Anatomy of the human body

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.
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General anatomy

Parts of human body
*Head
**Ear
**Face
**Forehead
**Cheek
**Chin
**Eye
**Nose
**Nostril
**Mouth
**Lip
**Tongue
**Tooth
*Neck
*Torso
**Thorax
**Abdomen
**Pelvis
**Back
**Pectoral girdle
**Shoulder
**Arm
**Axilla
**Elbow
**Forearm
**Wrist
**Hand
**Finger
**Thumb
**Palm
*Lower limb
**Pelvic girdle
**Leg
**Buttocks
**Hip
**Thigh
**Knee
**Calf
**Foot
**Ankle
**Heel
**Toe
**Big toe
**Sole
*Cavities
**Cranial cavity
**Spinal cavity
**Thoracic cavity
**Abdominopelvic cavity
***Abdominal cavity
***Pelvic cavity
Planes, lines, and regions
*Regions of head
*Regions of neck
*Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
*Abdominal regions
*Regions of back
*Perineal regions
*Regions of upper limb
*Regions of lower limb

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Bones

General terms
*Bony part
**Cortical bone
**Compact bone
**Spongy bone
*Cartilaginous part
*Membranous part
**Periosteum
**Perichondrium
*Axial skeleton
*Appendicular skeleton
*Long bone
*Short bone
*Flat bone
*Irregular bone
*Pneumatized bone
*Sesamoid bone
*Diaphysis
*Epiphysis
**Epiphysial plate
*Metaphysis
*Apophysis
*Tuber
*Tubercle
*Tuberosity
*Eminence (anatomy)
*Process
*Condyle
*Epicondyle
*Fossa
*Medullary cavity
*Endosteum
*Yellow bone marrow
*Red bone marrow
*Nutrient foramen
*Nutrient canal
*Ossification center
Cranium
*Neurocranium
*Viscerocranium
*Cranial cavity
*Forehead
*Occiput
*Nasion
*Bregma
*Lambda
*Inion
*Pterion
*Asterion
*Gonion
*Temporal fossa
*Zygomatic arch
*Infratemporal fossa
*Pterygopalatine fossa
*Pterygomaxillary fissure
*Fontanelles
**Anterior fontanelle
**Posterior fontanelle
**Sphenoidal fontanelle
**Mastoid fontanelle
*Calvaria
**Vertex
**Diploe
*Cranial base
**Internal surface of cranial base
***Sphenopetrosal fissure
***Petro-occipital fissure
***Anterior cranial fossa
***Middle cranial fossa
***Posterior cranial fossa
****Clivus
**External surface of cranial base
***Jugular foramen
***Foramen lacerum
***Bony palate
***Greater palatine canal
***Greater palatine foramen
***Lesser palatine foramina
***Incisive fossa
***Incisive canals
***Incisive foramina
*Orbit
**Orbital cavity
**Medial wall
***Anterior ethmoidal foramen
***Posterior ethmoidal foramen
**Superior orbital fissure
**Inferior orbital fissure
*Nasolacrimal canal
*Bony nasal cavity
**Piriform aperture
**Superior nasal meatus
**Middle nasal meatus
**Inferior nasal meatus
**Spheno-ethmoidal recess
**Choana
**Sphenopalatine foramen
*Bones of cranium
**Parietal bone
**Frontal bone
***Squamous part
****External surface
*****Glabella
*****Frontal suture
*****Supra-orbital margin
******Supra-orbital notch
****Internal surface
*****Foramen cecum
***Frontal sinus
**Occipital bone
***Foramen magnum
***Occipital condyle
***Condylar canal
***Hypoglossal canal
***Condylar fossa
***Jugular tubercle
***Jugular notch
***Jugular process
***External occipital protuberance
***Superior nuchal line
***Inferior nuchal line
***Internal occipital protuberance
**Sphenoid
***Body
****Sella turcica
*****Tuberculum sellae
*****Hypophysial fossa
*****Dorsum sellae
*****Posterior clinoid process
****Sphenoidal sinus
***Lesser wing
****Optic canal
****Anterior clinoid process
****Superior orbital fissure
***Greater wing
****Foramen rotundum
****Foramen ovale
****Sphenoidal emissary foramen
****Foramen spinosum
****Foramen petrosum
****Pterygoid process
****Pterygoid notch
****Pterygoid fossa
****Scaphoid fossa
****Pterygoid hamulus
****Pterygoid canal
**Temporal bone
***Petrous part
****Mastoid process
****Occipital groove
****Mastoid foramen
****Facial canal
****Inferior surface of petrous part
*****Styloid process
*****Stylomastoid foramen
****Tympanic cavity
***Mandibular fossa
***Articular tubercle
****Petrotympanic fissure
****Petrosquamous fissure
**Ethmoid
***Cribriform plate
***Cribriform foramina
***Crista galli
***Ethmoidal labyrinth
****Ethmoidal bulla
**Inferior nasal concha
**Lacrimal bone
**Nasal bone
**Vomer
**Maxilla
***Body of maxilla
****Orbital surface
*****Infra-orbital canal
*****Infra-orbital groove
****Anterior surface
*****Infra-orbital foramen
****Maxillary sinus
***Palatine process
****Incisive canals
***Alveolar process
****Dental alveoli
****Incisive foramina
**Palatine bone
**Zygomatic bone
***Zygomatico-orbital foramen
***Zygomaticofacial foramen
***Zygomaticotemporal foramen
**Mandible
***Body of mandible
****Mental protuberance
****Mental tubercle
****Mental foramen
****Oblique line
****Superior mental spine
****Inferior mental spine
****Mylohyoid line
****Sublingual fossa
****Submandibular fossa
****Alveolar part
*****Dental alveoli
***Ramus of mandible
****Angle of mandible
****Mandibular foramen
*****Mandibular canal
****Mylohyoid groove
****Coronoid process
****Mandibular notch
****Condylar process
*****Pterygoid fovea
**Hyoid bone
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Vertebral column
*Vertebral canal
*Vertebra
**Vertebral body
**Vertebral arch
***Pedicle
***Lamina
**Intervertebral foramen
**Superior vertebral notch
**Inferior vertebral notch
**Vertebral foramen
**Spinous process
**Transverse process
*Cervical vertebrae
**Uncus of body
**Foramen transversarium
**Carotid tubercle
**Atlas (anatomy)
**Axis (anatomy)
***Dens
**Vertebra prominens
*Thoracic vertebrae
*Lumbar vertebrae
*Sacrum
**Dorsal surface
***Sacral cornu
***Sacral canal
****Sacral hiatus
*Coccyx
Thoracic skeleton
*Ribs
**True ribs
**False ribs
***Floating ribs
**Costal cartilage
*Rib
**Body
***Costal groove
**Cervical rib
**First rib
***Scalene tubercle
**Lumbar rib
*Sternum
**Manubrium of sternum
***Clavicular notch
***Jugular notch
**Sternal angle
**Xiphoid process
*Thoracic cage
**Thoracic cavity
**Superior thoracic aperture
**Inferior thoracic aperture
**Intercostal space
**Infrasternal angle
Bones of upper limb
*Pectoral girdle
**Scapula
***Acromion
***Superior border
****Suprascapular notch
***Glenoid cavity
***Supraglenoid tubercle
***Infraglenoid tubercle
***Coracoid process
**Clavicle
***Acromial end
****Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament
*****Conoid tubercle
*****Trapezoid line
*Free part of upper limb
**Humerus
***Greater tubercle
***Lesser tubercle
****Intertubercular sulcus
***Shaft of humerus
****Posterior surface
*****Radial groove
****Deltoid tuberosity
***Condyle of humerus
****Capitulum
****Trochlea
****Olecranon fossa
****Coronoid fossa
****Radial fossa
***Medial epicondyle
***Lateral epicondyle
**Radius
***Radial styloid process
**Ulna
***Olecranon
***Coronoid process
***Head
****Ulnar styloid process
*Bones of hand
**Carpal bones
***Scaphoid
***Lunate
***Triquetrum
***Pisiform
***Trapezium
***Trapezoid
***Capitate
***Hamate
**Metacarpals
**Phalanges
**Sesamoid bones
Bones of lower limb
*Pelvic girdle
**
**Hip bone
***Acetabulum
***Obturator foramen
***Greater sciatic notch
***Ilium
****Arcuate line
****Iliac crest
*****Anterior superior iliac spine
*****Anterior inferior iliac spine
*****Posterior superior iliac spine
*****Posterior inferior iliac spine
***Ischium
****Lesser sciatic notch MN
***Pubis
****Body
*****Pubic tubercle
****Superior pubic ramus
*****Pecten pubis
**Pelvis
***Pelvic cavity
***Pubic arch
***Subpubic angle
***Greater pelvis
***Lesser pelvis
***Linea terminalis
***Pelvic inlet
***Pelvic outlet
*Free part of lower limb
**Femur
***Greater trochanter
***Lesser trochanter
***Intertrochanteric line
***Intertrochanteric crest
***Shaft of femur
****Linea aspera
****Pectineal line
***Intercondylar fossa
**Patella
**Tibia
***Medial malleolus
**Fibula
***Lateral malleolus
*Bones of foot
**Tarsal bones
***Talus
***Calcaneus
****Sustentaculum tali
***Navicular
***Medial cuneiform
***Intermediate cuneiform
***Lateral cuneiform
***Cuboid
**Metatarsals
**Phalanges
**Sesamoid bones

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Joints

General terms
*Joint
*Bony joints
**Synarthrosis
***Fibrous joint
****Syndesmosis
*****Gomphosis
****Interosseous membrane
****Suture
***Cartilaginous joint
****Synchondrosis
****Symphysis
****Epiphysial cartilage
**Synovial joint
***Articular disc
***Meniscus
***Synovial bursa
***Synovial sheath
***Plane joint
***Cylindrical joint
****Pivot joint
****Hinge joint
***Bicondylar joint
***Saddle joint
***Condylar joint
***Ball and socket joint
*Abduction
*Adduction
*External rotation or Lateral rotation
*Internal rotation or Medial rotation
*Circumduction
*Flexion
*Extension
*Pronation
*Supination
*Opposition
*Reposition
Joints of the skull
*Cranial fibrous joints
**Cranial syndesmoses
**Cranial sutures
***Coronal suture
***Sagittal suture
***Lambdoid suture
**Dento-alveolar syndesmosis
*Cranial cartilaginous joints
**Cranial synchondroses
*Cranial synovial joints
**Temporomandibular joint
***Sphenomandibular ligament
***Stylomandibular ligament
**Atlanto-occipital joint
Vertebral joints
*Syndesmoses of vertebral column
**Interspinous ligaments
**Ligamenta flava
**Intertransverse ligaments
**Supraspinous ligament
**Ligamentum nuchae
**Anterior longitudinal ligament
**Posterior longitudinal ligament
**Transverse ligaments
*Synchondroses of vertebral column
**Intervertebral joint
***Intervertebral disc
****Anulus fibrosus
****Nucleus pulposus
*Vertebral synovial joints
**Median atlanto-axial joint
***Alar ligaments
***Apical ligament of dens
***Cruciate ligament of dens
**Lateral atlanto-axial joint
**Zygapophysial joints
**Lumbosacral joint
**Sacrococcygeal joint
Thoracic joints
*Syndesmoses of thorax
**External intercostal membrane
**Internal intercostal membrane
*Synchondroses of thorax
**Costosternal joint
**Synchondrosis of first rib
**Sternal synchondroses
***Xiphisternal joint
***Manubriosternal joint
*Synovial joints of thorax
**Costovertebral joints
**Sternocostal joints
**Costochondral joints
**Interchondral joints
Joints of upper limb
*Joints of pectoral girdle
**Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle
***Coraco-acromial ligament
***Superior transverse scapular ligament
**Synovial joints of pectoral girdle
***Acromioclavicular joint
****Acromioclavicular ligament
****Coracoclavicular ligament
*****Trapezoid ligament
*****Conoid ligament
***Sternoclavicular joint
*Joints of free upper limb
**Radio-ulnar syndesmosis
***Interosseous membrane of forearm
**Synovial joints of free upper limb
***Glenohumeral joint
***Elbow joint
****Humeroulnar joint
****Humeroradial joint
****Proximal radio-ulnar joint
****Ulnar collateral ligament
****Radial collateral ligament
****Anular ligament of radius
****Quadrate ligament
***Distal radio-ulnar joint
***Joints of hand
****Wrist joint
****Carpal joints
*****Midcarpal joint
*****Radiate carpal ligament
*****Pisiform joint
******Pisohamate ligament
******Pisometacarpal ligament
****Carpal tunnel
****Ulnar canal
****Carpometacarpal joints
*****Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
****Intermetacarpal joints
****Metacarpophalangeal joints
*****Deep transverse metacarpal ligament
****Interphalangeal joints of hand
Joints of lower limb
*Joints of pelvic girdle
**Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle
***Obturator canal
***Pubic symphysis
***Sacro-iliac joint
****Sacrotuberous ligament
****Sacrospinous ligament
****Greater sciatic foramen
****Lesser sciatic foramen
*Joints of free lower limb
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis
***Interosseous membrane of leg
**Synovial joints of free lower limb
***Hip joint
****Iliofemoral ligament
****Ischiofemoral ligament
****Pubofemoral ligament
****Transverse acetabular ligament
****Ligament of head of femur
***Knee joint
****Lateral meniscus
****Medial meniscus
****Transverse ligament of knee
****Anterior cruciate ligament
****Posterior cruciate ligament
****Fibular collateral ligament
****Tibial collateral ligament
****Oblique popliteal ligament
****Arcuate popliteal ligament
****Patellar ligament
***Tibiofibular joint
***Joints of foot
****Ankle joint
*****Medial ligament
*****Lateral ligaments
******Anterior talofibular ligament
******Posterior talofibular ligament
******Calcaneofibular ligament.
****Subtalar joint
****Transverse tarsal joint
****Cuneonavicular joint
****Intercuneiform joints
****Tarsal ligaments
*****Tarsal interosseous ligaments
*****Dorsal tarsal ligaments
*****Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament
*****Plantar tarsal ligaments
******Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
****Tarsometatarsal joints
****Intermetatarsal joints
****Metatarsophalangeal joints
****Interphalangeal joints of foot

Muscles

General terms
* Muscle
Muscles of head
*Extra-ocular muscles
*Muscles of auditory ossicles
*Facial muscles
**Epicranius
**Procerus
**Nasalis
**Depressor septi nasi
**Orbicularis oculi
**Corrugator supercilii
**Depressor supercilii
**Auricularis anterior
**Auricularis superior
**Auricularis posterior
**Orbicularis oris
**Depressor anguli oris
**Transversus menti
**Risorius
**Zygomaticus major
**Zygomaticus minor
**Levator labii superioris
**Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
**Depressor labii inferioris
**Levator anguli oris
**Modiolus
**Buccinator
**Mentalis
**Masticatory muscles
***Masseter
***Temporalis
***Lateral pterygoid
***Medial pterygoid
*Muscles of tongue - see alimentary system
*Muscles of soft palate and fauces - see alimentary system
Muscles of neck
*Platysma
*Longus colli
*Longus capitis
*Scalenus anterior
*Scalenus medius
*Scalenus posterior
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Suboccipital muscles
**Rectus capitis anterior
**Rectus capitis lateralis
**Rectus capitis posterior major
**Rectus capitis posterior minor
**Obliquus capitis superior
**Obliquus capitis inferior
*Suprahyoid muscles
**Digastric
**Stylohyoid
**Mylohyoid
**Geniohyoid
*Infrahyoid muscles
**Sternohyoid
**Omohyoid
**Sternothyroid
**Thyrohyoid
*Cervical fascia
Muscles of back
*Trapezius
*Latissimus dorsi
*Rhomboid major
*Rhomboid minor
*Levator scapulae
*Serratus posterior inferior
*Serratus posterior superior
*Anterior cervical intertransversarii
*Lateral posterior cervical intertransversarii
*Intertransversarii laterales lumborum
*Muscles of back proper
**Erector spinae
***Erector spinae aponeurosis
***Iliocostalis
***Longissimus
***Spinalis
**Spinotransversales
***Splenius
**Transversospinales
***Multifidus
***Semispinalis
***Rotatores
**Interspinales
**Intertransversarii
**Thoracolumbar fascia
Muscles of thorax
*Pectoralis major
*Pectoralis minor
*Subclavius
*Serratus anterior
*Levatores costarum
*External intercostal muscle
*Internal intercostal muscle
*Innermost intercostal muscle
*Subcostales
*Transversus thoracis
*Pectoral fascia
*Clavipectoral fascia
*Thoracic fascia
*Endothoracic fascia
*Thoracic diaphragm
**Lumbar part
***Right crus of diaphragm
***Left crus of diaphragm
***Median arcuate ligament
***Medial arcuate ligament
***Lateral arcuate ligament
**Aortic hiatus
**Esophageal hiatus
**Caval opening
Muscles of abdomen
*Rectus abdominis
*Pyramidalis
*External oblique
**Inguinal ligament
*Superficial inguinal ring
*Internal oblique
**Cremaster
*Transversus abdominis
**Inguinal falx
**Deep inguinal ring
*Linea alba
*Linea semilunaris
*Inguinal canal
*Quadratus lumborum
*Abdominal fascia
*Pelvic fascia
*Pelvic diaphragm
**Levator ani
**Ischiococcygeus
**External anal sphincter
*Perineal muscles - see genital systems
Muscles of upper limb
*Compartments
*Muscles
**Deltoid
**Supraspinatus
**Infraspinatus
**Teres minor
**Teres major
**Subscapularis
**Biceps brachii
**Coracobrachialis
**Brachialis
**Triceps brachii
**Anconeus
**Pronator teres
**Flexor carpi radialis
**Palmaris longus
**Flexor digitorum superficialis
**Flexor digitorum profundus
**Flexor pollicis longus
**Pronator quadratus
**Brachioradialis
**Extensor carpi radialis longus
**Extensor carpi radialis brevis
**Extensor digitorum
**Extensor digiti minimi
**Extensor carpi ulnaris
**Supinator
**Abductor pollicis longus
**Extensor pollicis brevis
**Extensor pollicis longus
**Extensor indicis
**Palmaris brevis
**Abductor pollicis brevis
**Flexor pollicis brevis
**Opponens pollicis
**Adductor pollicis
**Abductor digiti minimi
**Flexor digiti minimi brevis
**Opponens digiti minimi
**Lumbricals of hand
**Dorsal interossei
**Palmar interossei
**Fascia
***Flexor retinaculum
Muscles of lower limb
*Compartments
*Muscles
**Iliopsoas
***Iliacus
***Psoas major
**Gluteus maximus
**Gluteus medius
**Gluteus minimus
**Tensor fasciae latae
**Piriformis
**Obturator internus
**Gemellus superior
**Gemellus inferior
**Quadriceps femoris
***Rectus femoris
***Vastus lateralis
***Vastus intermedius
***Vastus medialis
**Articularis genus
**Pectineus
**Adductor longus
**Adductor brevis
**Adductor magnus
**Gracilis
**Obturator externus
**Biceps femoris
**Semitendinosus
**Semimembranosus
**Tibialis anterior
**Extensor digitorum longus
**Fibularis tertius
**Extensor hallucis longus
**Fibularis longus
**Fibularis brevis
**Triceps surae
***Gastrocnemius
***Soleus
***Calcaneal tendon
**Plantaris
**Popliteus
**Tibialis posterior
**Flexor digitorum longus
**Flexor hallucis longus
**Extensor hallucis brevis
**Extensor digitorum brevis
**Abductor hallucis
**Flexor hallucis brevis
**Adductor hallucis
**Abductor digiti minimi
**Flexor digiti minimi brevis
**Flexor digitorum brevis
**Quadratus plantae
**Lumbricals
**Dorsal interossei
**Plantar interossei
**Fascia
***Fascia lata
****Iliotibial tract
***Adductor canal
***Femoral canal
***Femoral triangle
***Femoral ring
***Femoral septum
Tendon sheaths and bursae
*Bursae of neck
*Bursae of upper limb
*Tendinous sheaths of upper limb
*Bursae of lower limb
*Tendinous sheaths of lower limb

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Alimentary system

Mouth
*Oral cavity
**Oral vestibule
**Oral cavity proper
*Glands of mouth
**Major salivary glands
***Parotid gland
***Sublingual gland
***Submandibular gland
**Minor salivary glands
*Teeth
**Incisor
**Canine
**Premolar
**Molar
*Tongue
**Muscles of tongue
***Genioglossus
***Hyoglossus
***Styloglossus
***Superior longitudinal muscle
***Inferior longitudinal muscle
***Transverse muscle
***Vertical muscle
***Palatoglossus
Uvula
Fauces
*Muscles of soft palate and fauces
**Levator veli palatini
**Tensor veli palatini
**Musculus uvulae
**Palatoglossus
**Palatopharyngeus
Pharynx
*Nasopharynx
*Oropharynx
*Laryngopharynx
*Pharyngeal muscles
**Superior pharyngeal constrictor
**Middle pharyngeal constrictor
**Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
**Stylopharyngeus
**Salpingopharyngeus
**Palatopharyngeus - see 'Muscles of soft palate and fauces'
Esophagus
Stomach
*Pylorus
Small intestine
*Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum
Large intestine
*Cecum
**Appendix
*Colon
**Ascending colon
**Transverse colon
**Descending colon
**Sigmoid colon
*Rectum
*Anus
**Anal canal
***Pectinate line
Liver
*Common hepatic duct
Gall bladder
*Cystic duct
*Bile duct
Pancreas
*Pancreatic islets

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Respiratory system

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Thoracic cavity

Thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.