Organization


An organization or organisation is an entity—such as a company, or corporation or an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.
Organizations may also operate secretly or illegally in the case of secret societies, criminal organizations, and resistance movements. And in some cases may have obstacles from other organizations.
What makes an organization recognized by the government is either filling out incorporation or recognition in the form of either societal pressure, causing concerns or being considered the spokesperson of a group of people subject to negotiation
Compare the concept of social groups, which may include non-organizations.
Organizations and institutions can be synonymous, but Jack Knight writes that organizations are a narrow version of institutions or represent a cluster of institutions; the two are distinct in the sense that organizations contain internal institutions.
The word in English is derived from the French organisation, which itself is derived from the medieval Latin organizationem and its root organum was borrowed whole from the Greek word organon, which means tool or instrument, musical instrument, and organ.

Types

There are a variety of legal types of organizations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, religious organizations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions, etc.
A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities.
A voluntary association is an organization consisting of volunteers. Such organizations may be able to operate without legal formalities, depending on jurisdiction, including informal clubs or coordinating bodies with a goal in mind which they may express in the form of a manifesto, mission statement, or implicitly through the organization's actions.

Structures

The study of organizations includes a focus on optimizing organizational structure. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types:
These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision. In common law countries, legal juries render decisions of guilt, liability, and quantify damages; juries are also used in athletic contests, book awards, and similar activities. Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. In the Middle Ages, juries in continental Europe were used to determine the law according to consensus among local notables.
Committees are often the most reliable way to make decisions. Condorcet's jury theorem proved that if the average member votes better than a roll of dice, then adding more members increases the number of majorities that can come to a correct vote. The problem is that if the average member is subsequently worse than a roll of dice, the committee's decisions grow worse, not better; therefore, staffing is crucial.
Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions.

Ecologies

This organizational structure promotes internal competition. Inefficient components of the organization starve, while effective ones get more work. Everybody is paid for what they actually do, and so runs a tiny business that has to show a profit, or they are fired.
Companies that utilize this organization type reflect a rather one-sided view of what goes on in ecology. It is also the case that a natural ecosystem has a natural border – ecoregions do not, in general, compete with one another in any way, but are very autonomous.
The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline talks about functioning as this type of organization in from The Guardian.
By:Bastian Batac De Leon.

Matrix organization

This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is a super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schemes.
As an example, a company might have an individual with overall responsibility for products X and Y, and another individual with overall responsibility for engineering, quality control, etc. Therefore, subordinates responsible for quality control of project X will have two reporting lines. The United States aerospace industries were the first to officially use this organizational structure after it emerged in the early 1960s.

Pyramids or hierarchical

A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads other individual members of the organization. This arrangement is often associated with the basis that there are enough to imagine a real pyramid, if there are not enough stone blocks to hold up the higher ones, gravity would irrevocably bring down the monumental structure. So one can imagine that if the leader does not have the support of his subordinates, the entire structure will collapse. Hierarchies were satirized in The Peter Principle, a book that introduced hierarchiology and the saying that "in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence."

Theories

In the social sciences, organizations are the object of analysis for a number of disciplines, such as sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, and organizational communication. The broader analysis of organizations is commonly referred to as organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, or organization analysis. A number of different perspectives exist, some of which are compatible:
  • From a functional perspective, the focus is on how entities like businesses or state authorities are used.
  • From an institutional perspective, an organization is viewed as a purposeful structure within a social context.
  • From a process-related perspective, an organization is viewed as an entity being organized, and the focus is on the organization as a set of tasks or actions.
Sociology can be defined as the science of the institutions of modernity; specific institutions serve a function, akin to the individual organs of a coherent body. In the social and political sciences in general, an "organization" may be more loosely understood as the planned, coordinated, and purposeful action of human beings working through collective action to reach a common goal or construct a tangible product. This action is usually framed by formal membership and form. Sociology distinguishes the term organization into planned formal and unplanned informal organizations. Sociology analyzes organizations in the first line from an institutional perspective. In this sense, the organization is an enduring arrangement of elements. These elements and their actions are determined by rules so that a certain task can be fulfilled through a system of coordinated division of labor.
Economic approaches to organizations also take the division of labor as a starting point. The division of labor allows for specialization. Increasing specialization necessitates coordination. From an economic point of view, markets and organizations are alternative coordination mechanisms for the execution of transactions.
An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it, its communication, its autonomy, and its rules of action compared to outside events.
By coordinated and planned cooperation of the elements, the organization is able to solve tasks that lie beyond the abilities of the single element. The price paid by the elements is the limitation of the degrees of freedom of the elements. Advantages of organizations are enhancement, addition, and extension. Disadvantages can be inertness and loss of interaction.
Among the theories that are or have been influential are:
  • Activity theory is the major theoretical influence, acknowledged by de Clodomir Santos de Morais in the development of Organization Workshop method.
  • Actor–network theory, an approach to social theory and research, originating in the field of science studies, which treats objects as part of social networks.
  • Complexity theory and organizations, the use of complexity theory in the field of strategic management and organizational studies.
  • Contingency theory, a class of behavioral theories that claim that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions.
  • Critical management studies, a loose but extensive grouping of theoretically informed critiques of management, business, and organization, grounded originally in a critical theory perspective
  • Economic sociology, studies both the social effects and the social causes of various economic phenomena.
  • Enterprise architecture, the conceptual model that defines the coalescence of organizational structure and organizational behavior.
  • Garbage Can Model, describes a model which disconnects problems, solutions, and decision-makers from each other.
  • Principal–agent problem, concerns the difficulties in motivating one party, to act in the best interests of another rather than in their own interests
  • Scientific management, a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows.
  • Social entrepreneurship, the process of pursuing innovative solutions to social problems.
  • Transaction cost theory, the idea that people begin to organize their production in firms when the transaction cost of coordinating production through the market exchange, given imperfect information, is greater than within the firm.
  • Weber's Ideal of Bureaucracy