Liuyang


Liuyang is a county-level city, the most populous and the easternmost county-level division of Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Changsha, the provincial capital. Located on the northeastern margin of Hunan, the city is bordered to the north by Pingjiang County, to the west by Changsha County and Yuhua District, to the south by Shifeng, Hetang Districts of Zhuzhou and Liling City, to the southeast and the east by Yuanzhou District of Yichun, Shangli, Wanzai and Tonggu Counties of Jiangxi. Liuyang City covers with registered population of 1,453,246 and resident population of 1,297,700. The city has four subdistricts, 26 towns and two townships under its jurisdiction. Its administrative centre is at Guankou Subdistrict.
Liuyang is home to the Hakka people with a population of more than 200,000, who immigrated here from Meizhou of Guangdong or Jiangxi in later Ming and early Qing dynasties. It is one of the richest counties and county-level cities in tourism resources. As it was a revolutionary base area in the Chinese Communist Revolution, there are many red tourism attractions and former residences of famous figures.
Liuyang is one of the most developed counties and county-level cities, it is one of the best developed manufacturing counties and county-level cities in the province, the manufacturing industry is its economic pillar. Liuyang's manufacturing engines are electronic and information, biomedicine, machinery manufacture, fireworks and firecrackers, food and beverage, materials and energy, furniture and decoration. For example, the gross domestic product of Liuyang in 2015 was CN¥111.28 billion. Of this total, the value added of the manufacturing industry was CN¥71.37 billion, shares 64.14 percentage of its GDP. Fireworks and firecrackers have being been its traditional industry.
Fireworks and firecrackers originated in Liuyang and it has always been the centre of fireworks production in China, spanning more than 1,400 years. Fireworks sales by Liuyang account for about half of China's gross sales of CN¥ 29.41 billion. Liuyang is also home of the International Fireworks Association.

History

According to historical relics discovered in Yong’an Middle School's construction site in 1991, in the Old Stone Age, there were people living in Liuyang. In the eastern Han dynasty, Liuyang was established as a county, and its government was located in Juling. In the Tang dynasty, the government was moved to Huaichuan, and in the Yuan dynasty, the government was moved back to Juling, and Liuyang became a “state”. In the Ming dynasty, Liuyang was degraded as a county, and its government was moved to Huaichuan again.
In the eastern Han dynasty, Sun Quan set Liuyang. In the Three Kingdoms-Wu, Liuyang belonged to Changsha Prefecture. In the Liu Song period of Southern Dynasties, the name was changed from Liuyang to Liuyang, and the new name is used until now. In the Sui dynasty, Liuyang was merged into Changsha, and in the Tang dynasty Liuyang was established as a county again. In the Sui dynasty and the Tang dynasty, Liuyang belonged to Tanzhou. In the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty, Liuyang belonged to Changsha. In the 26th reign year of the Republic of China, Liuyang belonged to the First District, Hunan Province Chief Inspector's Office. In 1949, the First District, Hunan Province Chief Inspector's Office, was renamed as Changsha prefecture. In 1952, Changsha prefecture was replaced by Xiangtan prefecture, and Liuyang belonged to Xiangtan prefecture. In February, 1983, Xiangtan area was cancelled, and Liuyang was attributed to Changsha city. On 16 January 1993, Liuyang was not a county any more, and it becomes a county-level city, called Liuyang city. In September 1927 Mao Zedong assembled Left-Kuomintang troops here, in the town of Wenjiashi on the Jiangxi border, for the Com-Intern-planned seizure of Changsha, the provincial capital, 100 km to the west. Mao led the troops 170 km south into the Jinggang Mountains. Half a year later, he was joined there by the troops of Zhu De.

Administrative divisions

After an adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liuyang on 18 November 2015 and the Gejia Township was reformed as a town in the same year, Jiaoxi Township also was reformed in 2018. As of 2020, Liuyang City has four subdistricts, 27 towns and one township under its jurisdiction. They are:
;1 township:
;27 towns:
;4 subdistricts:
Liuyang is located in the northeast of Hunan province, and it is in the upstream regions of the Liuyang River. The geographical coordinates of Liuyang is 27°51′—28°34′ N, and 113°10′—114°15′ E. Liuyang covers an area of 5,007.75 square kilometers. There are 105.8 kilometers from east to west and 80.9 kilometers from north to south. Liuyang is surrounded by mountains and hills. There are 53% mountain lands, 25% hills, 21% plains around hills and 1% water in Liuyang. The terrain of Liuyang is that north-east is higher than south-west, and landscape types change because of a lot of rivers. Liuyang is in a subtropical monsoon climate zone. Annual average temperature is 17.3 °C, and annual precipitation is 1562 mm. There are two national roads, G106 and G319. Besides, there are three main rivers, Liuyang River, Laodao River and Nanchuan River, which can be used as shipping lanes throughout the whole year. Liuyang lies in the south of Pingjiang county, Yueyang city, and in the east of Tonggu, Wanzai, Yichun and Shangli, Jiangxi province, and in the north of Liling and Zhuzhou City, and in the east of Changsha county. Liuyang is about 50 kilometers far from Changsha city.

Climate

Population

According to the sixth population census in 2010, the number of permanent resident population of Liuyang is 1,278,928, and the number of registered population is 1,407,104. In registered population, the agricultural population is 1, 252, 238, and the nonagricultural population is 154, 866. Natural population growth rate is 2.5 ‰. There are more than 300,000 Hakka whose ancestors moved from Meizhou of Guangdong to Liuyang.

Language

Traditionally, there are three dialect areas in Liuyang, Gan Dialect, new Xiang Dialect and Hakka. Gan Dialect is Jiangxi Dialect, and it is used in downtown, northern Liuyang, eastern Liuyang and southern Liuyang. This is the most popular dialect in Liuyang, and people may call it Liuyang Dialect. Besides, new Xiang Dialect is used in western Liuyang, like Puji, Zhentou, Baijia, Guanqiao, Gejia and Chengchong, and it is also used in some areas in northern Liuyang, like Beisheng and Yong'an. This kind of dialect is not exactly the same as Changsha Dialect, but it is similar to it. As for Hakka, most people living in the east of Liuyang use this, and it is almost the same as Hakka in Meizhou area.

Economy

Liuyang is one of the most developed counties in Hunan, it ranked the 11th in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020. According to preliminary accounting of the statistical authority, the gross domestic product of Liuyang City in 2017 was 136,510 million yuan, up by 10.8 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 10,680 million yuan, up by five percent, that of the secondary industry was 93,940 million yuan, up by 11 percent and that of the tertiary industry was 31,890 million yuan, up by 12.3 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 7.82 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 68.82 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 23.36 percent. The per capita GDP by year-end household population in 2017 was 92,006 yuan.
Liuyang cultivates food crops, like rice. Main cash crops are flue-cured tobacco, medicinal materials, vegetables, oil-seed camellias, flowers and plants. Liuyang has been mining some natural resources, like sepiolite, chrysanthemum stone, coal and phosphorite. Industries include fireworks production, bio-pharmaceuticals and food processing. Liuyang fireworks have been in the global market for more than 100 years, and they were sold to Hong Kong, Macao and the Southeast Asia in the Guangxu period of the Qing dynasty, and fireworks become an important brand and pillar industry of Liuyang. Liuyang fireworks are protected as an original product and hold the honor of China's famous brand. In 2010, Liuyang's GDP was up to 55.677 billion RMB. The added value of the primary sector was 5.169 billion RMB. The added value of the secondary sector was 37.905 billion RMB. The added value of the tertiary sector was 12.603 billion RMB. The total value of out-put of Agriculture Animal Husbandry and Fishery was 8.006 billion RMB. In agriculture, except for grain production, the annual output of flue-cured tobacco was 131,670,000 tons. Liuyang's total industrial output value was 90.289 billion RMB. There are 89 cooperates with a more than 100,000,000 RMB turnover. Total sales of fireworks industry is 12.43 billion RMB, and the revenue of fireworks industry is 0.97 billion RMB. The total industrial output value of Liuyang Biomedical Park is 17.082 billion RMB. The volume of export goods is 0.39 billion dollars. Liuyang's general financial revenue is 3.324 billion RMB, including 29% fireworks' revenue. The per-capita disposable income of rural residents is 10,747 RMB, and the per-capita disposable income of city dwellers is 21,258 RMB.