List of sequenced plastomes


A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.
The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.
A compilation of most complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.

Plants

Bryophytes ''s.l.''

Ferns and lycophytes

SpeciesVarietySize GenesReferenceFamilyNotes
Equisetum hyemaleEquisetaceae
Lygodium japonicumLygodiaceae
Marsilea crenataMarsileaceae
Ophioglossum californicumOphioglossaceae
Selaginella moellendorffiiSelaginellaceae

Gymnosperms

Flowering plants

This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.
SpeciesSize GenesReferenceYearFamilyNotes
Acorus americanus153,8192007Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera135,5841102010Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii155,3841132017Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea155,5101122013Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda162,6862003Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens153,3562007Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana154,4781999Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna156,6872002Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon135,1991102010Poaceae
Buxus microphylla159,0101132007Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus153,3371152003Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis160,1041142017Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus157,7721132007Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'155,1892006Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera154,7311302013Arecaceae
Coffea arabica155,1892007Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi140,7452009Poaceae
Conopholis americana45,673422013OrobanchaceaeNon-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus155,2932007Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata125,3732007Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii86,744862007Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa121,521982007Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum178,1312015Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis19,400232016CytinaceaeHoloparasitic
Daucus carota155,9112006Apiaceae
Dioscorea elephantipes152,6091122007Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis160,6041132006Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana70,028421992Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum30,650272015OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum19,047292015OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium116,9351072016Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum168,946962016Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum130,8121062011Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus160,2862005Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale159,5992008Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum155,7941052011Geraniaceae
Glycine max152,2182005Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense160,3171142006Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum160,3012006Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus151,1042007Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare136,4821102010Poaceae
Hydnora visseri27,233242016AristolochiaceaeNon-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum148,5521132007Schisandraceae
Ipomoea purpurea162,0462007Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum165,1212007Oleaceae
Juglans regia160,3671292017Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa152,7652007Asteraceae
Lemna minor165,9552008Araliaceae
Licania alba162,4671122014Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum152,7931142013Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera159,8662006Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne135,2821102010Poaceae
Lonicera japonica155,0782010Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus150,5192000Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta161,4532008Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys35,336452016EricaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa128,7871062011Geraniaceae
Morus indica156,5992006Moraceae
Musa balbisiana169,5031132016Musaceae
Nandina domestica156,5992006Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis92,060562011OrchidaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera163,3302010Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum155,9431131986Solanaceae
Nuphar advena160,8661172007Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba159,9302004Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1165,0551132008Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado164,8071132008Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard165,7281132008Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain r/''r-lamarckiana Sweden165,2251132008Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard163,3651132008Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11134,4962005Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare134,5511101989Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S134,5512005Poaceae
Osyris alba147,2531012015SantalaceaeHemiparasitic
Panax ginseng156,3182004Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum217,9422006Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris103,835582014PetrosaviaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana148,9642006Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa'150,2852007Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica11,34852016ApodanthaceaeEndo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii15,16752016ApodanthaceaeEndo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum160,6241132006Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis161,7912006Platanaceae
Populus alba156,5052006Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus155,1581172007Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri59,190332011OrchidaceaeSubterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum141,1821102010Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora21,485282015TriuridaceaeMycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum155,2982006Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor140,7541102010Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea150,7252001Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum162,3212008Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum144,7631112008Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring134,5451102000Poaceae
Typha latifolia165,5721132010Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon176,0451472013Ericaceae
Viscum album128,921962015ViscaceaeHemiparasitic
Viscum minimum131,016992015ViscaceaeHemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera160,9282006Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera156,1582005Asparagaceae
Zea mays140,3841102010Poaceae

SpeciesSize GenesReferenceYearFamilyNotes
Acorus calamus153,821Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifoliumBrassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorumBrassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus2010Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsutaBrassicaceae
Aucuba japonica2010Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii139,350Poaceae
Barbarea vernaBrassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina2010Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapaBrassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea2010Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastorisBrassicaceae
Carica papayaCaricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum2007Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida2010Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichiiBrassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusifloraConvolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexaConvolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus139,365Poaceae
Dillenia indica2010Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosaBrassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata2010Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera2007Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus2010Celastraceae
Festuca arundinaceaPoaceae
Ficus sp.2010Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinicaAsteraceae
Gunnera manicata2010Gunneraceae
HedyosmumunpublishedChloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea2010Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta2010Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicumBrassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua 2010Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritimaBrassicaceae
Lotus corniculatusFabaceae
Medicago truncatulata124,033Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia159,924Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia2010Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinaleBrassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumilaBrassicaceae
Phoenix dactyliferaArecaceae
Nerium oleander154,903Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris155,941Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis155,745Solanaceae
Oryza nivara134,494Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia2010Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora2007Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum2010Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata2010Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa2006Salicaceae
Quercus nigra2010Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii2010Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula2007Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum155,371Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum155,460Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica2010Staphyleaceae
Trithuria unpublishedHydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides2010Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana''2010Ximeniaceae

Green algae

Red algae">Rhodophyta">Red algae

Glaucophytes

Meta-algae and apicomplexans

Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.

Photosynthetic chromalveolates

Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.
SpeciesVarietySize GenesReferenceNotes
Chromera velia
Chroomonas mesostigmaticaCCMP1168139,403189
Chroomonas placoideaCCAP978/8139,432186Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes
Cryptomonas curvataCNUKR128,285182
Cryptomonas parameciumCCAP977/2a77,717115
Emiliania huxleyiCCMP 373105,309154
Guillardia theta121,524167
Heterosigma akashiwoNIES 293159,370198
Odontella sinensis119,704175
Phaeodactylum tricornutum117,369170
Rhodomonas salinaCCMP1319135,854183
Storeatula sp.CCMP1868140,953187
Teleaulax amphioxeiaHACCP-CR01129,772179
Thalassiosira pseudonana128,814180

Chlorarachniophytes

Euglenophytes">Euglenophyta">Euglenophytes

SpeciesVarietySize GenesReference
Astasia longa73.2kb84
Euglena gracilis143.2kb128

Apicomplexans

Nucleomorph genomes

In some photosynthetic organisms, that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga or red alga. In some such cases, not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome, it is termed a nucleomorph.
SpeciesVarietySize GenesReference
Amorphochlora amoebiformis373,958340
Bigelowiella natansCCMP 621442,036426
Chroomonas mesostigmaticaCCMP1168702,852581
Cryptomonas paramecium487,066519
Guillardia theta672,788743
Hemiselmis andersenii571,872525
Lotharella oceanica612,592654
Lotharella vacuolata431,876359

Cyanelle genomes

The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis.
SpeciesVarietySize GenesReference
Paulinella chromatophora1.02Mb867