Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous geophytes, often growing from bulbs although some have rhizomes. The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. The flowers are large with six colored or patterned petaloid tepals arranged in two whorls of three, six stamens and a superior ovary. The fruit can be a berry or capsule, with seeds dispersed by animals or wind, respectively.
First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included many genera now included in other families. Consequently, treatments of "Liliaceae" often include these other taxa. The family likely evolved between 82 and 52 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene periods. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite their genetic similarity.
Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. Some species have been used as famine food. Lilies and tulips have symbolic and decorative value, appearing frequently in paintings and the decorative arts.
Description
The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous flowering plants with simple trichomes and contractile roots.The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the family's morphology, having confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment.
Characteristics often vary by habitat, between shade-dwelling genera and sun-loving genera. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers. Meanwhile, genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers.
Leaves
The leaves are generally simple, elongated, entire, linear, oval to filiform, mostly with parallel veins, but occasionally net-veined. They are alternate and spiral, but may be whorled,'' cauline or sheathed in a basal rosette. They are rarely petiolate, and lack stipules. The aerial stem is unbranched.Inflorescence
The flowers may be arranged along the stem, developing from the base, as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. They contain both male and female characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as a mirror image. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups of 'petals', that are often striped or multicoloured, and produce nectar at their bases. The stamens are usually in two groups of three and the pollen has a single groove. The ovary is located above the attachment of the other parts. There are three fused carpels with one to three chambers, a single style and a three-lobed stigma. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type.Usually indeterminate as a raceme ; sometimes reduced to a single terminal flower. When pluriflor, the flowers are arranged in a cluster or rarely are subumbellate or a thyrse.
The flowers are hermaphroditic, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, pedicellate, generally large and showy but may be inconspicuous. The bracts may or may not be present. The perianth is undifferentiated and biseriate, formed from six tepals arranged into two separate whorls of three parts each, although Scoliopus has only three petals, free from the other parts, but overlapping. The tepals are usually petaloid and apotepalous with lines or marks in other colors or shades. The perianth is either homochlamydeous or dichlamydeous and may be united into a tube. Nectar is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals.
The androecium consists of six stamens in two trimerous whorls, with free filaments, usually epiphyllous and diplostemonous, although Scoliopus has three stamens opposite the outer tepals. The attachment of the anthers to the filaments may be either peltate or pseudo-basifixed and dehisce longitudinally and are extrorse. The pollen is usually monosulcate, but may be inaperturate or operculate, and reticulate.
The gynoecium has a superior ovary, syncarpous, with three connate carpels and is trilocular or unilocular. There is a single style and a three-lobed stigma or three stigmata more or less elongated along the style. There are numerous anatropous ovules which display axile placentation, usually with an integument and thinner megasporangium. The embryo sac varies by genera, but is mainly tetrasporic. Embryo sacs in which three of the four megaspores fuse to form a triploid nucleus, are referred to as Fritillaria-type, a characteristic shared by all the core Liliales.
Fruit
The fruit is generally a wind-dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry which is dispersed by animals.A capsule that is usually loculicidal as in the Lilioideae, but occasionally septicidal in the Calachortoideae and wind dispersed, although the Medeoleae form berries. The seeds may be flat, oblong, angular, discoid, ellipsoid or globose, or compressed with a well developed epidermis. The exterior may be smooth or roughened, with a wing or raphe, aril or one to two tails, rarely hairy, but may be dull or shiny and the lack of a black integument distinguishes them from related taxa such as Allioideae that were previously included in this family, and striate in the Steptopoideae. The hilum is generally inconspicuous. The bitegmic seed coat itself may be thin, suberose, or crustaceous. The endosperm is abundant, cartilaginous or horny and contains oils and aleurone but not starch. Its cells are polyploid. The embryo is small, axile, linear or rarely rudimentary depending on placentation type, and straight, bent, curved or curled at the upper end.
Genome
The Liliaceae include a species with one of the largest genome size within the angiosperms, Fritillaria assyriaca, while Tricyrtis macropoda is as small as 4.25 pg. Chromosome numbers vary by genus. Some genera like Calochortus, Prosartes, Scoliopus, Streptopus and Tricyrtis have a small and variable number of chromosomes while subfamily Lilioideae have a larger and more stable chromosome number as have the Medeoleae.Phytochemistry
The seeds contain saponins but no calcium oxalate raphide crystals, chelidonic acid or cysteine derived sulphur compounds, another distinguishing feature from the characteristic alliaceous odour of the Allioideae. Fritillaria in particular contains steroidal alkaloids of the cevanine and solanum type. Solanidine and solanthrene alkaloids have been isolated from some Fritillaria species. Tulipa contains tulipanin, an anthocyanin.Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. Modern taxonomic systems, such as the APG which is based on phylogenetic principles using molecular biology, have redistributed many of these genera resulting in the relatively small family that is currently recognised. Consequently, there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly. To distinguish between them, the Latin terms sensu lato and sensu stricto are frequently used to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. Liliaceae s.s..History
The family Liliaceae was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. Jussieu defined this grouping as having a calyx of six equal colored parts, six stamens, a superior ovary, single style, and a trilocular capsule. By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic, being all Liliales not included in the other families, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. He recognized 133 genera and 1200 species. By the time of the next major British classification – that of Bentham and Hooker in 1883 – several of Lindley's other families had already been absorbed into the Liliaceae. Over time the family became increasingly broad and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary, eventually coming to encompass about 300 genera and 4,500 species within the order Liliales under the Cronquist system. Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae, making this one of the largest monocotyledon families.Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about the phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. Dahlgren suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders. In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.