Trithuria


Trithuria is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand. Almost all described species of Trithuria are found in Australia, with the exception of T. inconspicua and T. konkanensis, from New Zealand and India respectively. Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses. They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of Triuridaceae in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers.
These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae. Together, these three families compose the order Nymphaeales in the APG III system of flowering plant classification. Trithuria diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its sister taxon, although the crown clade evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene. The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except Amborellales.
Trithuria exhibits a remarkable similarity to Centrolepis and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus.
The genus consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges, but has been reassigned to the order Nymphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to monocots, which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to convergent evolution.

Description

Plants are submerged and emergent aquatic plants, rooted in the substrate below the water. They are tiny plants, just a few cm tall. Most species are ephemeral aquatics that flower in vernal pools when the water draws down, but several species are submerged perennials found in shallow lakes. The simple leaves are concentrated basally around a short stem. Individual species are cosexual or dioecious, and are either wind-pollinated or self-pollinating. Two predominantly apomictic species are also known. Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be pseudanthia. The non-fleshy fruits are follicles or achenes.

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua is 2n = c. 24.
The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria submersa is 2n = 56. The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species Trithuria konkanensis 2n = 40. The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria australis is 2n = 14.

Etymology

The generic name Trithuria is derived from the Greek words τρεις treis meaning "three", and θυρις thyris meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the capsule fruit.

Taxonomy

The genus Trithuria was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858 with the type species Trithuria submersa It has two synonyms: In 1888 the genus Juncella was described without a type designation by Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus based on previous work by Ferdinand von Mueller. Mueller had invalidly published the nomen invalidum and nomen nudum Juncella tasmanica in 1854. Juncella is a nomen illegitimum. In 1904 the genus Hydatella was described by Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels without a type designation, but the lectotype Hydatella australis has been designated in 2008. The genus Hydatella was synonymised with Trithuria in 2008.
Trithuria was initially placed in the family Centrolepidaceae , which is placed in the order Poales but it was separated as its own family Hydatellaceae by Ulrich Hamann in 1976 with Hydatella as the type genus. Upon its separation, Hamann stated the new families affinity or placement were still obscure. The correct placement of the family became apparent in 2007, when it was identified as a basal angiosperm lineage. The family Hydatellaceae is now placed in the order Nymphaeales. Alternatively, it is placed in a separate order Hydatellales validly published by James Lauritz Reveal and Alexander Borissowitsch Doweld in 1999 based on previous work by Arthur Cronquist. This is however not widely accepted, as the order Hydatellales is mostly treated as a synonym of Nymphaeales.

Hydatellales

Hydatellales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Cronquist system, 1981, the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida . The order consisted of one family only: Hydatellaceae
Similarly the Dahlgren system recognised this order (with the same circumscription and placed it in superorder Commelinanae in subclass Liliidae .
The APG II system assigned these plants to the order Poales, close to the grasses and sedges. Recent study by Saarela et al., however, suggests a position out of the Poales; here, the Hydatellaceae link with the waterlilies, the first time a plant has been ejected from the monocots. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website had since updated the Nymphaeales page to include the family.

Hydatellaceae

Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants that includes only the genus TrithuriaHook.f., which in 2008 was re-defined to include the genus Hydatella Diels. The type species is Trithuria submersa Hook.f.
The family was for many years assumed to be a close relative of the grasses and sedges and was even sometimes lumped under the poalean family Centrolepidaceae. Even as recently as 2003, the APG II system assigned Hydatellaceae to the grass order Poales in the commelinid monocots. However, research based on DNA sequences and morphology by Saarela et al. indicates that Hydatellaceae is the living sister group of the water lilies and thus represents one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants. Developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants. As aquatic herbs, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to derived characteristics that create a morphological similarity to the more distant taxon. Careful reanalysis of their morphological traits and comparisons with other so-called 'basal' angiosperms have supported this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment". This realignment is now recognized in the APG III and APG IV systems of classification.

Species and distribution

Trithuria has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.
  1. Trithuria austinensis D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall Western Australia
  2. Trithuria australis D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  3. Trithuria bibracteata Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia
  4. Trithuria cookeana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia
  5. Trithuria cowieana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory
  6. Trithuria filamentosa Rodway - Tasmania
  7. Trithuria fitzgeraldii D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia
  8. Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand
    Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla K.A.Ford - endemic to South Island, New Zealand
  9. Trithuria konkanensis S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra
  10. Trithuria lanterna D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland
  11. Trithuria occidentalis Benth. - Western Australia
  12. Trithuria polybracteata D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  13. Trithuria submersa Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania

    Conservation

The IUCN conservation status of Trithuria lanterna is Least Concern. Trithuria inconspicua is critically endangered.