Medium of instruction
A medium of instruction is a language used in teaching. It may or may not be the official language of the country or territory. If the first language of students is different from the official language, it may be used as the medium of instruction for part or all of schooling. Bilingual education or multilingual education may involve the use of more than one language of instruction. UNESCO considers that "providing education in a child's mother tongue is indeed a critical issue". In post-secondary, university and special education settings, content may often be taught in a language that is not spoken in the students' homes. This is referred to as content based learning or content and language integrated learning. In situations where the medium of instruction of academic disciplines is English when it is not the students' first language, the phenomenon is referred to as English-medium instruction.
In different countries and regions
Africa
- : Amharic, Oromo, and other Ethiopian languages serve as the medium of instruction in primary education, while English is used in secondary schools and universities.
- : English is the medium of instruction from Grade 4 onwards. In lower primary, the policy mandates the use of the language of the catchment area or Swahili as the medium of instruction.
- : the medium of instruction at all levels of education is English.
- : English is the sole medium of instruction at all levels of education. Prior to 2019, Kinyarwanda was used as the medium of instruction in lower primary.
- : students are taught primarily in their home language from Grade Zero up to Grade 3. From Grade 4 onwards, English is the default language of learning and teaching, except for a minority of schools in which Afrikaans is used. The national curriculum requires that all students study at least two official languages as separate subjects, one of which must be studied at home language level and the other at least at first additional language level. The most common home language among the school population is isiZulu.
- : Swahili is used in primary schools and adult education, whereas English is used in secondary schools and universities.
- : English is the medium of instruction from Primary 4 onwards. In Lower Primary, the Thematic Curriculum specifies the use of local languages as the medium of instruction.
- : the use of English, Shona and Ndebele is established in education until the fourth grade; from the fourth grade, English is the medium of instruction.
- In the francophone states of Africa, education has typically been in French only.
Americas
Brazil
- : Every public school uses Brazilian Portuguese as the medium of instruction, but no law prohibits the use of other languages in private schools. Many schools use other European languages such as English, German, Italian or French. Public schools also have mandatory English and Spanish but only once or twice a week.
Canada
- : almost all public schools use either English or French as the medium of instruction; French is standard in the province of Quebec and, along with English, in New Brunswick. The official language not used as the primary medium of instruction is taught as a mandatory subject in primary school and becomes optional for most secondary school students. Many public and private school systems in English jurisdictions also offer French immersion. In parts of Canada such as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, some aboriginal languages, such as Inuinnaqtun and Tłı̨chǫ, are also used in local school systems. Heritage languages are as also common across Canada in public and private schools.
United States
- The Cherokee Nation instigated a 10-year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home. This plan was part of an ambitious goal that in 50 years, 80% or more of the Cherokee people will be fluent in the language. The Cherokee Preservation Foundation has invested $3 million into opening schools, training teachers, and developing curricula for language education, as well as initiating community gatherings where the language can be actively used. Formed in 2006, the Kituwah Preservation & Education Program on the Qualla Boundary focuses on language immersion programs for children from birth to fifth grade, developing cultural resources for the general public and community language programs to foster the Cherokee language among adults. There is also a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.
Asia
- : Azeri is the main language of instruction. Instruction in Russian and to a lesser extent in English at both secondary and postsecondary level is also offered in some educational institutions. Georgian is the language of instruction in secondary schools in the Georgian-populated northern regions. Education was conducted in Armenian in some secondary schools until the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
- : Bengali and English are used as mediums of instruction. In universities, the medium of education is mainly English.
- : Standard Chinese is used as the medium of instruction in most schools. In elementary and secondary schools for ethnic minorities, the minority languages, such as Mongolian, Uyghur, Tibetan and Korean, are also used.
- : most schools conduct education in Georgian. The number of Azerbaijani schools is being reduced.
- : as a former British colony until 1997, it uses either English or Cantonese as the medium in most schools at the primary and secondary level. English-Medium-of-Instruction schools adopt English as the medium of instruction for almost all classes. Chinese-Medium-of-Instruction schools generally adopt Cantonese as the medium of instruction, but a significant number of CMI schools use English for high school courses. English is used almost exclusively at the tertiary level.
- : Hebrew is the medium in most schools, and Arabic is the medium in elementary and secondary schools for the Arab minority. Hebrew is used almost exclusively at the tertiary level.
- : the medium of instruction varies among English, Hindi and the respective states' official languages. Private schools usually prefer English, and government schools tend to go with one of the last two. However, the medium of instruction in colleges and universities is always either English, Hindi or a regional language. The medium of education is also dependent upon the state and its official language.
- * In Assam, Assamese or English is used.
- * In West Bengal, Bengali or English is used.
- * In Karnataka, Kannada or English is used.
- * In Goa, English or Konkani is used.
- * In Gujarat, Gujarati or English is used.
- * In Maharashtra, English or Marathi is used.
- * In Andhra Pradesh, Telugu or English is used. Some schools also use Sanskrit.
- * In Telangana, Telugu, or English is used.
- * In Tamil Nadu, Tamil or English is used.
- * In Kerala, Malayalam or English is used.
- * In Odisha, Odia or English is used.
- : Japanese is used in most schools.
- : In South and North Korea, Korean is used in most schools.
- : Cantonese is used as the medium of instruction in many schools. Portuguese is used in Portugal-backed schools. English, which is not an official language of the region, is also used in many English-Medium-of-Instruction schools.
- : most public schools use Urdu, but private schools have English as medium of instruction. English was made medium of instruction in 18 colleges in 2008.
- *Government of the Punjab Notification No. PS/SSE/Misc/2009/176 dated 18-09-2009 required for the subjects of science and mathematics to be taught in English in each school.
- : Standard Chinese is used as the medium of instruction in most schools, with more Taiwanese Hokkien presence in schools in recent years.
Southeast Asia
- : Khmer is the medium in most schools, including universities.
- : Indonesian is the medium in most schools, including universities.
- : Lao is the medium in most schools, including universities.
- : Malay is the medium of instruction in most schools. However, there are also Chinese and Indian schools serving the respective communities, which are allowed to use Mandarin and Tamil respectively as a medium of instruction, but Malay is still required to be taught as a subject. English-medium schools were present during the colonial period but were slowly phased out after independence. Today, all the former English-medium schools have since been converted to Malay-medium schools. Nevertheless, English continues to be a compulsory subject in all Malaysian schools.
- : English is the primary medium of instruction from preschool to university, except in the Philippine history and Filipino language subjects, in which Filipino is used. Recently, regional languages have been introduced as the medium of instruction in public schools for grades K–3 as part of the Department of Education's mother tongue-based education policy.
- : in pre-schools children learn in two languages: English and a mother tongue: Chinese, Malay or Tamil. The medium of instruction is English in all schools following the national curriculum except in "mother-tongue" subjects. International and private schools may use other languages. See also Special Assistance Plan.
- : Thai is the medium in most schools, including universities.
- : Vietnamese is the medium in most schools, including universities.
Oceania
- : most schools use English. However, in the State of Victoria, there are a number of schools that teach in Greek and Italian. A few schools also teach in French, Chinese, Arabic and Japanese.
- : English is used in many schools, but more and more kohanga reo and kura kaupapa are using Māori instead.
- : English and French are the main languages of education.