Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo
Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo was an Indonesian politician and advocate. A member of the Indonesian National Party, he served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Minister of Home Affairs during the 1950s. Hailing from Jombang Regency and being educated in law, he received higher education at Leiden University after a five-year career in various colonial courts. Iskaq was one of the earliest native Indonesian advocates during the Dutch colonial period, founding multiple law offices across the country. He also took part in the nationalist movement, being a co-founder of the Indonesian National Party and being arrested along with its other leaders in 1929.
During the Indonesian National Revolution, Iskaq briefly served as the Resident of Banyumas and Mayor of Surakarta, before becoming Minister of Home Affairs during the Sukiman Cabinet. His policies favoring the Indonesian National Party were controversial for other parties, and he was replaced in the succeeding Wilopo Cabinet. He returned to government office as Minister of Economic Affairs in the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, where he became entangled in a graft scandal. He was eventually found guilty and sentenced to prison, but he received a pardon from President Sukarno. He remained active in the PNI and attempted to reunite the party during a 1965 split, until withdrawing from party politics after PNI's fusion into the Indonesian Democratic Party in the New Order period.
Early life and career
Iskaq was born in the village of Ngepeh, in Jombang Regency, on 11 July 1896. His parents were Javanese nobility, and his father worked as a civil servant for the colonial government. Iskaq began schooling at a village school, before moving to Nganjuk to enter Europeesche Lagere School between 1904 and 1911. He continued his studies at Rechts-Hogeschool in Batavia, and between 1917 and 1922 he worked in legal courts - initially as an assistant at the district courts of Madiun and Ponorogo, then as a jury in Magelang, a clerk at the high court in Surabaya, and finally a judge at the district court in Semarang. He then enrolled at the University of Leiden, graduating in 1925 and being awarded a Meester in de Rechten title.While the nationalist student organization Perhimpoenan Indonesia was active in Leiden, Iskaq was not active in the organization, as he was working at the stock market and did not want to risk his employment. He was still interested in politics, however, and when he graduated on 30 June 1925 and returned to Java in 1926, he decided against working for the colonial government. According to Iskaq in a 1971 interview, his decision was motivated by his more egalitarian treatment in the Netherlands compared to his treatment by colonial authorities back home.
Early political career
Upon his return from Leiden, Iskaq founded the first native Indonesian law office in Batavia along with several other such as future parliamentary speaker Sartono and future prime minister Ali Sastroamidjojo. He later moved to Bandung and founded another law office there, and left leadership of the Batavia office to Sartono. He was one of the founders of the General Study Club in Bandung, formed on 29 November 1925. Iskaq co-founded the Indonesian National Party in 1927, and in its initial provisional leadership he was appointed as secretary/treasurer while future President Sukarno served as chairman. Iskaq had also prepared the provisional statutes for the organisation.In 1929, along with Sukarno and a few others, Iskaq was arrested due to involvement in PNI – and then shortly after released, under the conditions that he not return to Batavia or Bandung. He moved to Surabaya and set up a law office there, and then to Makassar in 1930, setting up another office. He then left for Manado, leaving the Makassar office to future foreign minister Soenario, and set up yet another law office. In 1933, he returned to Surabaya, and worked as an advocate at the Surabaya High Court. Iskaq's Batavia office was highly involved in politics, with many of the advocates there being PNI members. Iskaq later became a member of another nationalist political party Partindo, before later joining the Great Indonesia Party after Partindo's dissolution. According to Iskaq in his autobiography, he had encountered a Japanese agent at Bangkok in mid-1941, and Iskaq provided the agent with "all the information could". During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Iskaq was made the assistant resident of Banyumas, and was appointed into the Central Advisory Council, a representative body.
Following the surrender of Japan and the proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Iskaq became the resident, and facilitated negotiations of the disarming of 450 Japanese troops in Banyumas - hence giving their weapons to the nationalist units under the command of General Sudirman. He also abolished a traditional system of tax-exempt religious villages in Banyumas. On 18 July 1946, Iskaq was appointed as resident of Surakarta, with local militia figure Sudiro as his deputy. As part of this office, Iskaq and Sudiro organized the region, previously under the Surakarta Sunanate and Mangkunegaran administration during the colonial period, into a regular Residency. To this end, they merged the former territories of the two princely states and reorganized them into the city of Surakarta and the regencies of Sukoharjo and Karanganyar. In November 1946 they were kidnapped by communists, although they were shortly after released after pressure from the Republican government in Yogyakarta. Iskaq later took part in the Renville Agreement, a meeting between Indonesian and Dutch leaders to demarcate boundaries between territories controlled by the two sides. Iskaq was secretary to the Indonesian delegation.
Cabinet Minister: 1951–1954
Home Affairs Minister
Iskaq's first cabinet post was as Minister of Home Affairs under Prime Minister Soekiman Wirjosandjojo. Some two weeks after his appointment, Iskaq issued an order to cease the functioning of regional legislatures. This order brought him into conflict with the Masyumi Party, and the dispute ended in a compromise whereas no new regional legislatures would be formed and the existing ones would be replaced based on existing regulations at a later time. His decision to appoint Sanusi Hardjadinata, a member of the PNI, to the Masyumi stronghold of West Java, and Sudiro, an ethnic-Javanese for Sulawesi, caused political controversy. These appointments resulted in a motion to censure Iskaq, which failed to pass. In July 1951, Iskaq agreed with the DPV to return half of its plantation, which had by now been occupied by local farmers. While Soekiman's government did not act much on this agreement, its successor, the Wilopo Cabinet did attempt to enforce the agreement in 1953. This resulted in several clashes between the farmers and police in Tanjung Morawa, resulting in deaths of five people. The political firestorm that ensued as a result of the affair, caused the downfall of the Wilopo Cabinet.Regarding the question of Acehnese autonomy, Iskaq attempted to assert central government authority by transferring administration some areas to East Sumatra and Tapanuli, replacing a number of officials, and in March 1952 he terminated the tenure of incumbent Acehnese governor Daud Beureu'eh. Following the dissolution of the Soekiman Cabinet, a new cabinet was formed led by Prime Minister Wilopo, who dismissed Iskaq from his post due to the Masyumi's objections of his policies. He was replaced as Minister of Home Affairs by Mohammad Roem. Following his dismissal, Iskaq had also founded the 17 August 1945 University in 1952, as part of the 17 August 1945 educational foundation. He would serve as the foundation's chairman until mid-1982.
Economic Affairs Minister
Iskaq returned to a cabinet post as the Minister of Economic Affairs in the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet. Under Iskaq's ministership, access to foreign exchange for import was significantly restricted, with a ministerial decree in August 1954 assigning 80-90 percent of foreign exchange being assigned to indigenous importers with licenses. While the decree was later revoked, it still saw some enforcement, and led to the growth of "Ali Baba" partnerships with an indigenous license-holder and a Chinese Indonesian trader, and there was widespread corruption in the licensing process. Iskaq's policy was controversial, being opposed by economists such as Minister of Finance Ong Eng Die, Bank Indonesia chairman Sjafruddin Prawiranegara and alienating coalition parties such as Nahdlatul Ulama and the Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The licenses were also often issued at a marked up price, with the issuance of the licenses benefitting the PNI financially. Iskaq himself admitted that licenses were often sold at over twice its face value.Additionally, Iskaq also replaced many high-ranking officials of state-owned banks and government bodies under the ministry with PNI members. This was again controversial to other parties, with a motion of no confidence filed against him by Masyumi politicians in April 1954. While the parliament had attacked Iskaq's policies as early as October 1953, alleged favoritism of firms related to PNI caused some parliament members in the government coalition to vote against Iskaq, though the motion was still defeated. Eventually, following pressure from coalition members and a cabinet crisis caused by the withdrawal of the Great Indonesia Unity Party from the cabinet, Ali Sastroamidjojo conducted a cabinet reshuffle, replacing Iskaq with Roosseno Soerjohadikoesoemo on 8 November 1954.