Manado


Manado is the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi. It is the second largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar, with the 2020 census giving a population of 451,916, and the official estimates for mid 2023 showing 458,582 inhabitants, distributed over a land area of 157.26 km2. The Manado metropolitan area had a population of 1,377,815 as of mid 2023. The city is situated on the Bay of Manado, and is surrounded by a mountainous area.
Manado is among Indonesia's top-five tourism priorities and Bunaken National Park is one of the city's most famous tourist attractions. Tunan Waterfall in Talawaan village and Mount Tumpa are some of the many attractions for visitors who like to take Manado city tour especially to natural places. The city is served by Sam Ratulangi International Airport, which connects Manado with various domestic destinations, as well as international destinations in East Asia and Southeast Asia. The city is also known for its Christian-majority population, and holds the country's biggest Christmas celebration annually. It is also recognised as one of the most tolerant and peaceful cities in Indonesia.

Etymology

The name Manado is derived from the Sangir language word manaro, meaning 'on the far coast' or 'in the distance', and originally referred to the further of two islands which can be seen from the mainland. When the settlement on this island was relocated to the mainland, the name Manado was brought with it, after which the island itself became referred to as Manado Tua. The name for Manado in the Sangir language is Manaro, while in Gorontalo is Moladu.

History

The first mention of Manado comes from a world map by French cartographer, which shows the island of Manarow. Before Europeans arrived in North Sulawesi, the area was under the rule of the Sultan of Ternate, who exacted tribute and introduced Islam to its inhabitants. The Portuguese made the Sultan their vassal, ruling over the Minahasa people, and establishing a factory in Wenang.
Meanwhile, the Spanish had already set themselves up in the Philippines and Minahasa was used to plant coffee because of its rich soil. Manado was further developed by Spain as a centre of commerce for the Chinese traders who traded the coffee in China. With the help of native allies, the Spanish took over the Portuguese fortress in Amurang in the 1550s, and Spanish settlers also established a fort at Manado, so that eventually, Spain controlled all of the Minahasa. It was in Manado where one of the first Indo-Eurasian communities in the archipelago developed during the 16th century. The first King of Manado named Muntu Untu was in fact the son of a Spanish Mestizo.
Spain renounced its possessions in Minahasa by means of a treaty with the Portuguese in return for a payment of 350,000 ducats. Minahasan natives made an alliance treaty with the Dutch, and expelled the last of the Portuguese from Manado a few years later.
The Dutch East India Company built a fortress in Manado named Fort Amsterdam in 1658. As with regions in eastern Indonesia, Manado underwent Christianisation by missionaries such as Johann Friedrich Riedel and Johann Gottlieb Schwarz. The Dutch missionaries built the first Christian church in Manado called Oude Kerk, which still stands, and is now called Gereja Sentrum. HMS Dover captured Manado in June 1810. The Javanese prince Diponegoro was exiled to Manado by the Dutch government in 1830 for leading a war of rebellion against the Dutch. In 1859, the English biologist Alfred Wallace visited Manado and praised the town for its beauty.
In 1919, the Apostolic Prefecture of Celebes was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted to the Diocese of Manado.
The Japanese captured Manado in the Battle of Manado in January 1942. The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II.
In 1958, the headquarters of the rebel movement Permesta was moved to Manado. When Permesta confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform, Jakarta responded by bombing the city in February 1958, and then invading in June 1958.
In 1962, the People's Representative Council declared Manado as the official capital city of North Sulawesi Province.

Climate

Manado has a tropical rainforest climate according to the Köppen climate classification, as there is no real dry season. The wettest month is January, with an average rainfall of, while the driest is September with an average rainfall of. The abundance of rain seems to be influenced by the monsoon. As its location is near the equator, the temperature seems constant throughout the year. The hottest month is August with an average temperature of, while the coolest months are January and February with an average temperature of. Winter can be considered wetter, rainier and cooler than summer. Unlike other cities in Indonesia, the temperature seems to be cooler.
Climate data for Manado-------------
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average sea temperature °C 28.9
28.8
29.1
29.4
29.8
29.3
28.9
28.7
28.6
29.4
29.6
29.3
29.0
Mean daily daylight hours12.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.012.0
Average Ultraviolet index7777777777777
Source: Weather Atlas-------------

Administrative districts

The city is divided into eleven districts, including the new districts of Bunaken Kepulauan and Paal Dua established in 2012. These are all tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 census and 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres, the number of urban subdistricts in each district, and its post codes.
Kode
Wilayah		Name of
District
Area
in
km2		Pop'n
census
2010		Pop'n
census
2020		Pop'n
estimate
mid 2022		Admin
centre		No.
of
villages		Post
codes
71.71.09Malalayang17.1254,95961,89162,202Malalayang Satu995115 - 95163
71.71.06Sario1.7523,19821,74021,724Sario795113 - 95116
71.71.07Wanea7.8556,96259,75759,829Wanea995117 - 95119
71.71.04Wenang3.6432,79632,60132,633Tikala Kumaraka1295111 - 95124
71.71.05Tikala7.1069,73430,17430,196Tikala Baru595124 - 95129
71.71.11Paal Dua8.0244,01544,180Ranomuut795127 - 95129
71.71.08Mapanget49.7553,19463,27564,380Paniki Bawah1095249 - 95259
71.71.03Singkil4.6846,72152,73253,025Singkil995231 - 95234
71.71.02Tuminting4.3152,08953,75953,984Bitung Karang Ria1095238 - 95239
71.71.01Bunaken36.1920,82825,66926,130Molas595231 - 95249
71.71.10Bunaken Kepulauan 16.856,3036,323Bunaken495231 - 95246
Totals157.26410,481451,916454,60687

Notes:
the 2010 population of Paal Dua District is included in the figure for Tikala District, from which it was cut out in 2013.
including the small offshore islands of Pulau Bunaken, Pulau Siladen, and Pulau Manadotua. These islands form the land components of the Bunaken National Park.
the 2010 population of Bunaken Kepulauan District is included in the figure for Bunaken District, from which it was cut out in 2013.
The boundaries of Manado city are as follows:

Ethnicity and languages

Currently, the majority of Manado city residents are from the Minahasa ethnic group. The indigenous people of Manado are from the Tombulu sub-tribe. The Tombulu language is considered one of the Minahasa languages and is spoken widely in several urban villages within Manado, for example: Wenang, Tumumpa, Mahakeret, Tikala Ares, Ranotana, Winangun, Wawonasa, Pinaesaan, Pakowa, Teling, Titiwungen, Tuminting, Pondol, Wanea, etc. While the Malalayang area has residents mainly from the Bantik people, other indigenous groups in Manado today are from the Sangir, Gorontalo, Mongondow, Babontehu, Talaud, Tionudese, Siau, and Borgo peoples. There are also Arabian peranakan communities, mainly in the Kampung Arab area which is near Pasar '45 and has become a destination for religious tourism. Other ethnicities represented include Javanese, Chinese, Batak, Makassar, and Moluccans. A small Jewish community also exists.
Manado Malay is the main language spoken in Manado. It is a Malay-based creole. Some of the loan words in the Minahasan vernacular are derived from Dutch, Portuguese, and other foreign languages.