List of megaprojects in India


This is a list of megaprojects in India. "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours characterized by large investment commitment, vast complexity, and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".

Bharatmala (roads and highways) projects

Tunnels and border roads

ProjectImageTypeLocationStatusNotes
Arunachal Frontier HighwayHighwayMago-Thingbu, Tawang to Vijaynagar, ChanglangBorder road along India-China border
Chattergala TunnelHighwayUnion Territory of Jammu and KashmirThe tunnel will be 6.8 km long and will connect Kathua and Doda districts of Jammu and Kashmir via Basohli-Bani through Chattergala.
Khambatki Ghat TunnelTwin-tube highway tunnelMaharashtraKhambatki Ghat is a mountain pass on the Pune-Kolhapur section of National Highway 48 in Maharashtra, India.
Kainchi Mod tunnelHighway tunnelHimachal Pradesh48-km Kiratpur-Nerchowk four-lane project, connecting Manali through five tunnels and 22 bridges over the Sutlej
Panipat to Delhi Airport T3 TunnelTwin-tube highway tunnelNew Delhi3.6 km tunnel and 2.5 km tunnel in Dwarka Expressway project
Mumbra Airoli Express HighwayTunnel and highwayNavi Mumbai
Orange Gate-Marine Drive TunnelexpresswayMumbai
Kandili tunnelHighway tunnelOdisha
Sunki tunnelHighway tunnelOdisha
Thane-Borivali tunnelTunnelMumbaiConstruction work of the 11.80 km Thane-Borivali linking road twin-tunnel, passing underneath the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, was set to begin in March 2022.
Goregaon-Mulund TunnelTunnelMumbai
Kharghar-Turbhe TunnelTunnelNavi Mumbai
Trans-Arunachal HighwayHighwayArunachal PradeshWill be fully operational by April 2025
Zoji-la TunnelTunnelLadakh
Shinku La Pass TunnelTunnelShingo LaWorld's highest tunnel at Shinku La Pass to connect Himachal to Ladakh
Atal TunnelTunnelRohtang Pass in Pir Panjal in Himachal PradeshLongest highway single-tube tunnel above 10,000 feet in the world
Banihal Qazigund Road TunnelControlled-access highwayUnion Territory of Jammu and KashmirOne of India's longest tunnels, 8.45 km long
Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee TunnelControlled-access highwayUnion Territory of Jammu and KashmirIndia's longest tunnel, 9.20 km length
Igatpuri TunnelTunnelMaharasthra8.2 km tunnel is part of Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway
Kasara TunnelTunnelMaharasthra7.7 km tunnel is part of Mumbai–Nagpur Expressway
Mumbai-Pune Missing Link TunnelTunnelMaharasthra8.9 km tunnel is part of Mumbai–Pune Missing Link Expressway
Kuthiran TunnelTwin-tube highway tunnelKeralaThis is Kerala's first-ever tunnel for road transport and South India's longest six-lane road tunnel.
Maroge TunnelTunnelKashmir
Umling LaMotorable roadLadakhWorld's highest motorable road, located at an altitude of 19,300 feet, constructed by Border Roads Organisation
Pragati Maidan TunnelTunnelNew DelhiPragati Maidan Tunnel is a 1.3-km-long facility built by the Public Works Department at an expenditure of Rs 9.20 billion as part of Pragati Maidan Integrated Transit Corridor Project.
Nechiphu TunnelTunnelArunachal Pradesh
Theng TunnelTunnelSikkimTheng Tunnel is a road tunnel on the Chungthang-Mangan highway in North Sikkim. The 578 meters long tunnel is the longest tunnel in the state of Sikkim.
Rewa Sidhi TunnelHybrid of aqueduct and tunnelMadhya PradeshNewly opened, Madhya Pradesh's longest tunnel brings Rewa-Sidhi closer by 7 km. Nitin Gadkari said it is the first aqueduct of India. Bansagar canal and road have been built on it. The NH39 tunnel has been built on one of the most difficult terrains at a cost of around Rs 10.04 billion.
Sela TunnelTunnelArunachal Pradesh
Z-Morh TunnelTunnelUnion Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
Parikrama Path ProjectIntrastate border roadGujarat

Roads and expressways

ProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
Amritsar–Jamnagar ExpresswayExpresswayRajasthan, Punjab, GujaratAmritsar–Jamnagar Expressway is an under-construction 1,257 km long, 4/6-lane expressway in northwestern India.
Pune–Bengaluru ExpresswayExpresswayKarnataka, MaharashtraBangalore-Pune Expressway is an eight-lane access-controlled 700 km long expressway
Chirle-Palaspe Elevated CorridorExpresswayNavi Mumbai, MaharashtraThe 6.5-km-long elevated route between Chirle and Palaspe will reduce travel time to five minutes.
Sewri-Worli Elevated CorridorExpresswayMumbai, MaharashtraThe 4.51 km long elevated grade-separated expressway between Sewri and Worli
Bundelkhand ExpresswayExpresswayUttar PradeshCurrently, Bundelkhand Expressway is a 296 km long, 4-lane under-construction access-controlled expressway in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India
Purvanchal ExpresswayExpresswayUttar PradeshCurrently, India's longest expressway at 340.8 km.
Delhi–Meerut ExpresswayExpresswayDelhi and Uttar Pradesh
Dwarka ExpresswayExpresswayDelhi and Gurugram
Delhi–Amritsar–Katra ExpresswayExpresswayDelhi, Haryana, Punjab and Jammu and KashmirDelhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway is an approved 670 km long, four-lane controlled-access expressway, which will connect Bahadurgarh border in Delhi with Katra in Jammu and Kashmir via Nakodar and Gurdaspur in Punjab. It is targeted for completion by FY2025
Delhi–Dehradun ExpresswayExpresswayDelhi and UttarakhandDelhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expressway is an under-construction 239 km access controlled expressway in India.
Delhi–Mumbai ExpresswayExpresswayDelhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and MaharashtraWorld's longest continuous eight-lane expressway in a country when completed at 1380 km.
Ganga ExpresswayExpresswayUttar PradeshGanga Expressway is an under-construction 1047 km long, 6-lane greenfield expressway in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Gorakhpur Link ExpresswayExpresswayUttar PradeshGorakhpur Link Expressway is a 4-lane expressway in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Mumbai–Nagpur ExpresswayExpresswayMaharashtraNagpur–Mumbai Super Communication Expressway is an under-construction 6-lane 701 km long access-controlled expressway in Maharashtra, India.
Nagpur–Hyderabad–Bengaluru ExpresswayExpresswayMaharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka-
Mangalore–Bengaluru ExpresswayExpresswayKarnatakaThis 290 km expressway will be the longest expressway in Karnataka, connecting to the Chennai–Bengaluru Expressway and the west coastal city of Mangalore. It will provide easy access from North Karkala and coastal Karnataka to Bengaluru, becoming an economic lifeline for both Karnataka.
Nagpur–Goa ExpresswayExpresswayMaharashtra, GoaThis 760 km expressway will be the longest expressway in Maharashtra.
Narmada ExpresswayExpresswayMadhya PradeshThis 1300 km expressway will be the world's second longest eight lane expressway. after Delhi–Mumbai Expressway.
Western Peripheral Expressway part of Delhi outer ring corridorExpresswayHaryana135.6 km -long expressway
Eastern Peripheral Expressway part of Delhi outer ring corridorExpresswayUttar PradeshKGP Expressway is a 135 km long, six-lane expressway.
Raipur–Visakhapatnam ExpresswayExpresswayChhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh465 km greenfield expressway connects several economic hubs including Jagdalpur, Umerkote, Papadahandi, Nabarangpur, Borigumma, Jeypore, Koraput, Semiliguda and Vizianagaram.
Surat–Chennai ExpresswayExpresswayGujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana and Tamil NaduThe 1271 km corridor will pass through Nasik, Ahmednagar, Solapur, Kalaburgi, Kurnool, Kadappa & Tirupati to link Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu.
Sohna Elevated CorridorExpresswayGurugram and Sohna
Trans-Haryana ExpresswayExpresswayKurukshetra district and NarnaulThis 313 km 6-lane controlled-access highway will provide seamless connectivity between Ambala and Kotputli for the traffic originating from Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Ambala.
Urban Extension Road-IIExpresswayNew Delhi75 km long urban extension road has added to act as an additional western ring road in New Delhi, thereby decongesting National Highway 1 section between Rohini, Delhi to the Singhu border. It is targeted to be completed by FY2024.
Ahmedabad–Dholera ExpresswayExpresswayGujarat110-km road expressway will connect Ahmedabad to Dholera Special Investment Region and Dholera Airport. It will provide interconnectivity to Delhi–Mumbai Expressway. It is target for completion by FY2024.
Bangalore–Chennai ExpresswayExpresswayChennai and Bangalore262-km expressway corridor enhances the freight connectivity between two key economic hubs of South India while passing through states – Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. It is expected for completion by FY2025.
Lucknow–Kanpur ExpresswayExpresswayUttar Pradesh63 km expressway connecting the cities of Kanpur and Lucknow will decongest the existing stretch by providing an alternate route.
Kolkata–Varanasi ExpresswayExpresswayUttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal612-km economic corridor reduces the distance between Varanasi and Kolkata by 63 km. The construction is expected to start in FY2023 and with the corridor opening to traffic by FY26.
Bengaluru–Vijayawada ExpresswayExpresswayKarnataka and Andhra Pradesh343-km expressway will connect Bangalore to Vijayawada while passing through key economic nodes surrounding two cities like Anantapur, Kadapa, Nellore and Machilipatnam.

Defense projects

Air defense

Project nameTypeImageStatusDescription
Kaveri Derivative Engine(KDE)Fighter jetKaveri Derivative Engine was the dry section of the original Kaveri engine, now a new afterburner from BrahMos Aerospace and hollow reheat module which will be used in Tejas LSP jet fighter for upcoming testing with total thrust of 73-76kN hence India becoming the 3rd country in the world after Germany and UK to develop Jet engine from scratch instead of technology transfer.
Indian Multi Role HelicopterHelicopterThe Indian Multi-Role Helicopter is a medium-lift helicopter currently under development by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for Indian Armed forces for air assault, air-attack, anti-submarine, anti-surface, military transport and VIP transport roles. IMRH is aimed to replace all the current Mil Mi-17 and Mil Mi-8 helicopters across the Indian armed forces.
HAL Light Utility HelicopterHelicopterThe HAL Light Utility Helicopter along with its derivative Light Observation Helicopter was designed and developed by Rotary Wing Research and Design Center, one of the R&D sections of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for civilian and military applications.
HAL PrachandAttack helicopterThe HAL Prachand is an Indian multi-role, light attack helicopter designed and manufactured by the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited under project LCH. It has been ordered by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. Its flight ceiling is the highest among all attack helicopters in the world.
Tejas MK1AFighter jet
Tejas MK2Fighter jetThe HAL Tejas Mark 2, or Medium Weight Fighter, is an Indian single-engine, canard delta wing, multirole combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Indian Air Force. It is a further development of the HAL Tejas, with an elongated airframe, close coupled canards, new sensors, and a more powerful engine.
AMCAFighter jetThe Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft is an Indian programme to develop a fifth-generation stealth, multirole, air superiority fighter for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy which will also include 6th Generation niche technologies.
TEDBFFighter jetThe HAL Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter is a canard delta wing, twin-engine, carrier based, multirole combat aircraft currently under development for the Indian Navy. The TEDBF is being designed and developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency, and will be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The TEDBF is intended to perform a multitude of missions, including air supremacy, air interdiction, anti access/area denial, anti-ship warfare and electronic warfare missions.
DRDO GhatakUnmanned combat aerial vehicleThe Ghatak is an autonomous jet powered stealthy unmanned combat air vehicle, being developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment.
HAL Combat Air Teaming SystemThe HAL Combat Air Teaming System is an Indian unmanned and manned combat aircraft air teaming system being developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The system will consist of a manned fighter aircraft acting as "mothership" of the system and a set of swarming UAVs and UCAVs governed by the mothership aircraft. A twin-seated HAL Tejas is likely to be the mothership aircraft. Various other sub components of the system are currently under development and will be jointly produced by HAL, National Aerospace Laboratories, Defence Research and Development Organisation and Newspace Research & Technologies.

Industrial corridors projects

Industrial corridors

ProjectLocationStatusNotes
Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridornationwide
Amritsar–Kolkata Industrial Corridornationwide
Chennai Bangalore Industrial CorridorSouth India
Mumbai-Bangalore economic corridornationwide
Odisha Economic Corridornationwide
Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial CorridorSouth India
East Coast Economic Corridornationwide
Udhana-Palsana Industrial Corridornationwide
Hyderabad-Nagpur Industrial Corridornationwide
Hyderabad-Warangal Industrial Corridornationwide
Delhi-Nagpur Industrial Corridornationwide
Tamil Nadu Defence Industrial Corridornationwide
IMT Sohnanationwide
IMT Kharkhodanationwide
Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridornationwide

Refineries

ProjectFuel typeLocationStatusNotes
Barmer RefineryOilRajasthanBarmer Refinery is an upcoming public sector refinery and petrochemical complex in the Pachpadra near Balotra in Barmer district of Rajasthan, India. It is being designed by EIL and is owned by HPCL Rajasthan Refinery Limited, a joint venture between Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited and the Government of Rajasthan. The refinery is expected to commission in January 2024.
ONGC RefineryOilPrayagrajONGC is building megarefinery in Prayagraj.
RRPCL RefineryOilRatnagiri
Panipat 3G Ethanol RefineryEthanolPanipatIt is world's first 3G ethanol refinery designed by Praj Industries and owned by Indian Oil Corporation
Bhatinda Ethanol RefineryEthanolBhatindaIt is 2G ethanol refinery designed by Praj Industries and owned by HPCL Biofuels Ltd in Bhatinda
Vidarbha RefineryOilMaharashtraEIL will conduct feasibility study for petrochemical complex in Vidarbha.
New BPCL RefineryOilTBD
BPCL Seaport RefineryOilAndra Pradesh
Bargarh RefineryEthanolOdishaBPCL's 2G ethanol bio-refinery in Bargarh, Odisha, would provide momentum to India's green and sustainable growth.

Gati Shakti (logistics) projects

Multi-Modal Logistics Park/Gati Shakti Cargo Terminal (GCT)/land ports

Source:
ProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
BPCL GCT KrishnapatnamOilKrishnapatnam, Nellore
Rupaidiha Land PortContainer based land portBahraich, Uttar PradeshIt will be operated by Land Ports Authority of India.
Rewari GCTLogisticsRewari, Haryana
Muddelinganahalli MMLPLogisticsBangalore, Karnataka

Power projects

National Solar Mission

ProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
Bhadla Solar ParkSolar energyRajasthanWorld's largest PV solar park
Pavagada Solar ParkSolar energyKarnatakaWorld's third largest photovoltaic solar park
Omkareshwar Floating Solar Power ParkSolar energyMadhya Pradesh
Bhakra Nangal Floating Solar Power ParkSolar energyHimachal PradeshWorld's largest floating solar park
Dholera Solar ParkSolar energyGujaratWorld's largest photovoltaic solar park once completed
30,000 MW Khavda Solar ParkSolar energy and wind parkGujaratWhen completed, it will be the world's biggest hybrid renewable energy park.
5,230 MW Integrated Renewable Energy Storage ProjectSolar energy and wind parkAndhra PradeshWhen completed, it will be the world's largest 5,230 MW Integrated Renewable Energy Storage Project with 50 GWh daily storage capacity by 2025 and 100 GWh by 2027
735 MW Nokh Solar ProjectSolar energyRajasthan

Nuclear power plants

Power stationOperatorStateTypeUnitsTotal capacity
StatusOperation date
Chennai (Kalpakkam)BHAVINITamil NaduPFBR500 × 15002024
Kakrapar Unit 4NPCILGujaratIPHWR-700700 × 170031 March 2024
KaigaNPCILKarnatakaIPHWR-700700 × 21,400waiting concrete pour, 2026
Rajasthan Unit 7 and 8NPCILRajasthanIPHWR-700700 × 21,4002026
Kudankulam Unit 3, 4, 5 & 6NPCILTamil NaduVVER-10001000 × 44,0002025–2027
JaitapurNPCILMaharashtraEPR1650 × 69,900-
Gorakhpur NPCILHaryanaIPHWR-700700 × 21,4002029
KovvadaNPCILAndhra PradeshAP10001100 × 66,600Approved
KavaliNPCILAndhra PradeshVVER1000 x 66000Approved-
Mahi BanswaraNPCILRajasthanIPHWR-700700 × 42,800Approved2029
ChutkaNPCILMadhya PradeshIPHWR-700700 × 21,400Approved
Chennai (Kalpakkam)BHAVINITamil NaduFBR600 × 21,200Approved2035
TarapurNPCILMaharashtraAHWR300 × 1300Approved2047

Nuclear power R&D projects

ProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
KAMINI Nuclear power plantKalpakkamit is the world's first thorium-based experimental reactor.it produces 30 KW of thermal energy at full power.KAMINI is cooled and moderated by light water, and fueled with uranium-233 metal produced by the thorium fuel cycle harnessed by the neighbouring FBTR reactor.
PFBRNuclear power plantKalpakkamit is the world's first commercial thorium-based reactor as well as Uranium.it produces 500 MW of thermal energy at full power.

Railway projects

New rail-line projects(Greenfield Projects)

ProjectLocationStatusDescription
Mumbai–Indore rail lineMumbai-IndoreUnder-construction
Delhi–Jhansi 3rd rail lineJhansi-New DelhiPartially work completed and open for traffic.
Delhi–Mumbai new rail lineMumbai-New DelhiUnder-construction
USBRLSrinagar-New DelhiCompleted
Rishikesh–Karnaprayag lineUttarkhandUnder-construction
Bhanupli–Leh lineLeh-New DelhiUnder-construction
Roorkee–Deoband new rail lineRoorkee-DeobandCompleted
Jalna-Jalgaon new rail lineJalna-JalgaonUnder-construction
Rishikesh Char dham rail lineRishikeshUnder-construction
Koderma-RanchiRanchiCompleted
Bikramshila – Katareah rail lineJharkhandUnder-construction
Sivok–Rangpo lineSevok-RangpoUnder-construction
Dhansiri-Zubza rail lineNagalandDhansiri-Molvom section operational. Molvom-Zubza Under-construction.
Panvel-Karjat rail linePanvel-KarjatUnder-construction
Mysuru-Kushalnagar rail lineKarnatakaUnder-construction

Mission-Raftar projects(Brownfield Projects)

Source:
ProjectLocationStatusDescription
Mumbai–ChennaiMumbai-ChennaiUnder-construction
Delhi–ChennaiChennai-New DelhiUnder-construction
Delhi–MumbaiMumbai-New DelhiUnder-construction
Delhi–HowrahDelhi-HowrahUnder-construction
Howrah-MumbaiHowrah-MumbaiUnder-construction

Higher-speed rail projects

Train numberProjectPhotoLocationStatusDescription
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridorHigh-speed rail lineGujarat and MaharashtraIndia's first high-speed rail line
Silver Line (K-Rail)High-speed railThiruvananthapuram and KasaragodThe Silver Line is a proposed higher-speed rail line in India that would connect Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city, and Kasaragod of Kerala state.

Sagarmala (ports and waterways) projects

Private ports

There are also private ports under construction/reopening.
LocationStateStatus
Angré PortJaigad, Maharashtra
Agardanda Shipyard & TerminalAgardanda, MaharashtraAgardanda Terminal is a container terminal acquired by Adani Group which was previously a shipyard.
Bhavnagar CNG TerminalGujarat
Chhara LNG TerminalGujarat
Dighi PortDighi, Maharashtra
Rohini YardRohini, Maharashtra
Simar portGujaratCompletion target 2024
JSW Salav PortSalav, Maharashtra
Karanja PortNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra
JSW Keni PortKarnatakaOn 17 November 2023, Construction started at the port in Keni, near Ankola, would be designed to handle 30 million tonnes of cargo per annum.
JSW Nangaon PortMaharashtraBidding underway
JSW Murbe PortMaharashtraBidding underway
JSW Jatadhar PortOrissaPlanned
Pavinakurve portKarnatakaPavinakurve will have capacity to handle 14 mt of cargo in the initial phase.
Konkan LNG TerminalDabhol, Maharashtra
Tajpur PortWest BengalDPR under preparation
Tadadi PortKarnatakaDPR under preparation
Tuna PortGujaratAdani Group started the port in 2015 as Dry cargo terminal for coal but now expanding to Container terminal
Kakinada Gateway PortAndhra PradeshUnder construction
Vizhinjam International SeaportKeralaPartially operational

National waterways

ProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
National Waterway 4WaterwayTelangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and PuducherryNational Waterway 4 is a 1,095 kilometres long waterway in India. It has been declared as an Indian National Waterway and is currently under development. It connects the Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the union territory of Puducherry. The NW-4 runs along the Coromandal Coast through Kakinada, Eluru, Commanur, Buckingham Canals and also through part of Krishna and Godavari rivers in South India. It was declared a National Waterway on 24 November 2008 under the Provisions of National Waterways Bill, 2006.
National Waterway 1WaterwayUttar Pradesh, Bihar, West BengalThe Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system is located in India and runs from Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh to Haldia in West Bengal via Patna and Bhagalpur in Bihar across the Ganges river. It is 1,620 km long, making it the longest waterway in India.

Science and technology projects

Aerospace Research and Development projects

Commercial aircraft

Project nameTypeImageStatusDescription
NAL SarasaircraftThe NAL Saras is the first Indian multi-purpose civilian aircraft in the light transport aircraft category.
NAL Saras aircraftNAL is also engaged in development of Saras Mk2, a 19-seater version of the airliner. Government has given clearance and fund requirements to NAL for development of same.
HAL/NAL Regional Transport AircraftaircraftBeing designed by India's National Aerospace Laboratories and to be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The aircraft is planned to be a turboprop or a jet with a capacity of 80–100 passengers. Its basic version will have 80–90 seats and the cost of the airliner will be 20 percent lower compared to its global competitors.
GTRE GTX-35VS KaveriJet engineKaveri dry engine variant is about to get delivery by 2026.

Digital public goods

LogoProjectTypeLocationStatusNotes
Open Network for Digital CommerceE-commercenationwideA community-led network that aims to create an open, inclusive and competitive marketplace
Bharat eMartE-commercenationwideBharat EMart is an e-commerce marketplace created by India Post. The portal provides logistics support to small traders in India, which will increase their businesses and employment opportunities.
Government e MarketplaceE-commercenationwideThe Government e Marketplace is an online platform for public procurement in India. The objective is to create an open and transparent procurement platform for government buyers.
DigiYatraFacial recognition systemnationwideDigiYatra is a decentralised mobile-based ID storage platform where air travellers can save their IDs and travel documents.

UDAN (airports) projects

Aerocities

ProjectTypeLocationStatus
Lucknow AerocityNew aerocityLucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Navi Mumbai AerocityNew aerocityNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Noida AerocityNew aerocityNoida, Uttar Pradesh