Style (form of address)
A style of office, also called manner of reference, or form of address when someone is spoken to directly, is an official or legally recognized form of reference for a person or other entity, and may often be used in conjunction with a personal title. A style, by tradition or law, precedes a reference to a person who holds a post or political office and is sometimes used to refer to the office itself. An honorific can also be awarded to an individual in a personal capacity. Such styles are particularly associated with monarchies, where they may be used by a wife of an office holder or of a prince of the blood, for the duration of their marriage. They are also almost universally used for presidents in republics and in many countries for members of legislative bodies, higher-ranking judges, and senior constitutional office holders. Leading religious figures also have styles.
The second-person possessive adjective your is used as a form of address ; the third-person possessive adjectives his/her' and their are used as forms of reference.
Examples
Academia
Traditional forms of address at German-speaking universities:- His/Her Magnificence – rector of a university
- His/Her Notability – dean of a faculty
- His/Her Great Honour – rector magnificus of a university
- Highly Learned Sir/Madam – professor or dean of a faculty
- Well Very Learned Sir/Madam – a doctor
- Well Learned Sir/Madam – a doctorandus
- Well Strictly Sir/Madam – a master in laws or a university engineer
- Magnificent Rector – rector of a university
- Amplified Headmaster – dean of a faculty
- Illustrious/Enlightened Professor – a full professor
Government
Diplomats
- His Most Reverend Excellency – apostolic nuncios, because their rank is equal to that of an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and they are simultaneously higher prelates.
- His/Her Excellency – most ambassadors, high commissioners and permanent representatives to international organizations. Occasionally a different form of address is used domestically with the international equivalent of Excellency being used in all other cases.
Judiciaries
- His/Her Honour Judge X
- *Abbreviation HHJ X, oral address Your Honour – Circuit judges in England and Wales.
- *The Honourable Mr./Ms. Justice X – Judges of the High Court of Justice of England and Wales.
- *My Lord/Your Lordship is used to address judiciary representatives in India.
- * The Honorable – Judges and justices in the United States.
- * Oral address Your Honour – All courts in Australia.
- * The Right Honourable Lord/Lady Justice X – Judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.
- Oral address Your Excellency – Judges of the International Court of Justice.
- Oral address Your Worship – All courts in Australia.
- The Lord/Lady/Baroness X – Judges in the High Court of Justiciary and the Court of Session in Scotland, and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
- Oral address Your Worship – Justices of the peace in the United Kingdom, usually by solicitors.
Monarchies
- Sire – Reigning kings in the United Kingdom and in Belgium. It has also been used in France, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Sweden and Spain.
- His/Her Imperial Majesty – Emperors and empresses. Formerly, for example, HIM the Shah of Iran. In modern times, the Emperor of Japan more often uses the simpler style of "Majesty".
- His/Her Imperial and Royal Majesty – Until 1918, the rulers of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who were Emperors/Empresses of Austria while also Kings/Queens of Hungary and Bohemia, and the German emperors/empresses, who were simultaneously Kings/Queens of Prussia.
- His/Her Apostolic Majesty – the King of Hungary, usually styled Imperial Majesty or Imperial and Royal Majesty as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, also sometimes Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.
- His/Her Britannic Majesty – the British monarch ; used as a formal and official term in diplomacy, international law, and international relations, e.g. in British passports.
- His/Her Most Gracious Majesty – an elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, only used in the most formal of occasions.
- His/Her Most Excellent Majesty – another elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, mainly used in Acts of Parliament.
- His/Her Catholic Majesty – the Spanish monarch.
- His Most Christian Majesty – the King of France until 1790 and from 1815 to 1830.
- His/Her Most Faithful Majesty – the King of Portugal until deposed in 1910.
- His/Her Majesty – kings, queens and some sultans. For example, HM King Charles III, HM King Mohammed VI or HM King Willem-Alexander.
- His/Her Imperial Highness – members of an imperial house. Currently used by the Imperial House of Japan.
- His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness – formerly, archdukes of the House of Habsburg, the German crown prince/princess and members of the deposed Brazilian Imperial Family; also some women entitled to imperial style by birth and to royal style by marriage.
- His/Her Royal Highness – some monarchs, members of a royal family ; grand dukes/duchesses who have reigned, consorts of grand dukes, grand ducal heirs apparent and, in Luxembourg, all dynastic male-line cadets; British princes, their dynastic wives, sons, daughters, patrilineal grandsons and granddaughters of Ibn Saud of the House of Saud.
- His/Her Grace is a style used for various high-ranking personages. It was the style used to address Kings of England until King Henry VIII and the King or Queen of Scots up to the Act of Union of 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. Today, the style is used when referring to non-royal dukes and duchesses, and archbishops, in the United Kingdom. For example, His Grace The Duke of Devonshire in the United Kingdom, or His Grace The Archbishop of Canterbury; or Your Grace in spoken or written address. Royal dukes, for example the Duke of Edinburgh, are addressed with their higher royal style, Royal Highness.
- His/Her Grand Ducal Highness – cadets of some former ruling grand ducal dynasties.
- His/Her Highness – some monarchs, i.e., emirs, some sultans, the Aga Khan; formerly reigning dukes, some maharajas and rajas and the members of their dynasties; cadets of most former grand ducal houses; male-line grandchildren and remoter male-line descendants of some kingly dynasties ; Belgium's House of Ligne; members of France's former Foreign Princely class, members of cadet branches of the House of Saud.
- His/Her Ducal Serene Highness – members of the formerly reigning ducal House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
- His/Her Serene Highness – German: Seine/Ihre Durchlaucht; Italian: Sua Altezza Serenissima; Russian: Ваша светлость. Sovereigns of a principality ; members of formerly reigning princely families ; members of mediatized families headed by a Fürst ; members of several formerly noble, princely families of Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland; morganatic princes, descended from reigning dynasties; and a few formerly noble families granted the princely title in Imperial Russia.
- His Most Serene Highness – Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
- His/Her Illustrious Highness ; Italian: Sua Altezza Illustrissima; Spanish: Su Ilustrísima; Russian: Ваше сиятельство. Mediatized counts and, sometimes, members of their families.
- His/Her Princely Grace - former style for members of a few noble families of monarchical Germany.
- The High-born – counts in some Scandinavian and Benelux monarchies and, formerly, Germany and Austria.
- The High Well-born – Dutch barons; knights and untitled members of the lower nobility in German-speaking monarchies.
- His/Her Excellency – governors-general, British colonial governors, state officials, and generals of Imperial Russia. Occasionally, prime ministers and cabinet ministers. For example, the Prime Minister of the Netherlands; in Denmark, a few high-ranked nobles.
- Don from Latin dominus, is an honorific title used in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iberoamerica and the Philippines. The female equivalent is doña, donna, and dona, abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D." In formal settings, it is a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, knights, dames, and church hierarchs. Informally, it is sometimes used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long standing, or a person of significant wealth. Like the British Sir, It is used with, and not instead of, a person's name.
- In Portugal and Brazil, Don #Portuguese-speaking lands is used for certain hierarchs of the Roman Catholic Church and for laymen who belong to the royal and imperial families. It was also accorded to members of families of the titled Portuguese nobility. Unless ennobling letters patent specifically authorised its use, Dom was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility. Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to primogeniture, the right to the style of Dom was the only apparent distinction between cadets of titled families and members of untitled noble families.
- Most High, Mighty, and Illustrious Prince – for royal dukes, oral address Your Royal Highness.
- Son of Heaven – Used by Chinese and some Japanese emperors.
- High King
- Great King
- King of Kings – Used by especially Semitic, Persian and some Indian rulers.
- "Taewang" "Greatest of Kings" – was used by the later rulers of the Korean kingdom of Koguryo.
- Lord of the Isles – Used by an heir apparent of the British monarchy.
- High Steward of Scotland – Used by an heir apparent of the British monarchy.
- Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques , sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used by many Islamic rulers including the Ayyubids, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, the Ottoman Sultans, and the modern Saudi kings. The title refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam, Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. In Saudi Arabia, it is used as the official title of the king, in place of "His Majesty".
- Amīr al-Mu'minīn, usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some Caliphs and other independent sovereign Muslim rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs. Used by the former leader of ISIS Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the Ahmadiyya Muslim leader Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the King of Morocco, the Sultan of Sokoto, and the supreme leaders of the Afghan Taliban.
- Kabiyesi – Used by the Obas of Yorubaland, other aboriginal Yoruba high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.