Eurasian magpie
The Eurasian magpie or common magpie is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family that are designated as magpies, and it belongs to the Holarctic radiation of "monochrome" magpies. In Europe, the term "magpie" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the Eurasian magpie: the only other species of magpie in Europe is the Iberian magpie, which is restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. Despite sharing a name and similar colouration, the Australian magpie is not closed related to this species.
The Eurasian magpie is one of the most intelligent birds. The expansion of its nidopallium is approximately the same in its relative size as the brains of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans. It is one of the few bird species known to pass the mirror test.
Taxonomy and systematics
The magpie was first described and illustrated by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in his Historiae animalium of 1555. In 1758, Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Corvus pica. The magpie was moved to a separate genus Pica by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. Pica is the Classical Latin word for this magpie.The Eurasian magpie is almost identical in appearance to the North American black-billed magpie and at one time the two species were considered to be conspecific. The English name used was "black-billed magpie" and the scientific name used was Pica pica. In 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union decided to treat the black-billed magpie as a separate species based on studies of the vocalization and behaviour indicating that the black-billed magpie was closer to the yellow-billed magpie than to the Eurasian magpie.
The gradual clinal variation over a large geographic range and the intergradation of the different subspecies means that the geographical limits, and acceptance of these various subspecies vary between authorities. The International Ornithological Congress recognises six subspecies :
- P. p. fennorum – Lönnberg, 1927: northern Scandinavia and northwest Russia
- P. p. pica – : British Isles and southern Scandinavia east to Russia, south to Mediterranean, including most islands
- P. p. melanotos – A.E. Brehm, 1857: Iberian Peninsula
- P. p. bactriana – Bonaparte, 1850: Siberia east to Lake Baikal, south to Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and Pakistan
- P. p. leucoptera – Gould, 1862: southeast Russia and northeast China
- P. p. camtschatica – Stejneger, 1884: northern Sea of Okhotsk, and Kamchatka Peninsula in Russian Far East
- P. mauritanica – Malherbe, 1845: North Africa
- P. asirensis – Bates, 1936: southwest Saudi Arabia
- P. serica – Gould, 1845: east and south China, Taiwan, north Myanmar, north Laos and north Vietnam
- P. bottanensis – Delessert, 1840: west central China
Etymology
Magpies were originally known simply as "pies". It is hypothesised that this derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyk- meaning "pointed", in reference to their beaks or perhaps their tails. The prefix "mag" dates from the 16th century and comes from the short form of the given name Margaret, which was once used to refer to women in general ; the pie's call was considered to sound like idle female chatter, and so it came to be called the "Mag pie". "Pie" as a term for the bird dates to the 13th century, and the word "pied", first recorded in 1552, was applied to other birds that resembled the magpie in having black-and-white plumage. Only in 2023 were these birds seen Egypt, where they were nicknamed "Panda Crows." While this does not refer to their blue plumage, with infrequent sightings in the Nile River Delta and a rare observation frequency, the black and blue feathers may appear as one colour depending on the lighting, angle, and distance of view.Description
The adult male of the nominate subspecies, P. p. pica, is in length, more than half of which is the tail. Its wingspan is. The head, neck, breast and vent are glossy black with a metallic green and violet sheen; the belly and scapulars are pure white; the wings are black glossed with green or purple, and the primaries have white inner webs, conspicuous when the wing is open. The graduated tail is black, glossed with green and reddish purple. The legs and bill are black; the iris is dark brown. The rump is black with white stripe above which varies in thickness between subspecies. The plumage of the sexes is similar but females are slightly smaller. The tail feathers of both sexes are quite long, about 12–28 cm long. Males of the nominate subspecies weigh while females weigh. The young resemble the adults but initially lack the gloss of sooty plumage. They have a pink malar region, and somewhat clear eyes. Their tail is much shorter than that of the adults'.The different subspecies vary in size and in the amount of white in their plumage, as well as in the colour of the gloss on their black feathers. The Asian subspecies P. p. bactriana has more extensive white markings on its primary feathers and a prominent white rump.
Adults moult completely once a year after breeding. This process begins in June or July and ends in September or October. The primary flight feathers are replaced over a period of three months. Juvenile birds undergo a partial moult, beginning about one month after the adult birds, during which their body feathers are replaced, but not the feathers on their wings or tail.
The Eurasian magpie has a distinctive call. It is either a choking chatter "chac-chac" or a repetitive "chac-chac-chac-chac". The young also make these calls, but they also make an acute "Uik Uik" call that resembles the barking of a small dog. Both adults and young magpies can also produce a barely noticeable hiss from afar.
Distribution and habitat
The range of the magpie extends across temperate Eurasia from Portugal, Spain and Ireland in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula.Magpies prefer open countryside with scattered trees and magpies are normally absent from treeless areas and dense forests. They sometimes breed at high densities in suburban areas such as parks and gardens. They can often be found close to city centres. In Sweden, magpies are exclusively associated with human settlements. It is extremely rare to find a magpie more than a few hundred metres from a human dwelling. Based on archaeological finds, it has been suggested that magpies became scavengers around human communities perhaps as early as during the Scandinavian Bronze Age, but certainly during the Scandinavian Iron Age.
Magpies are usually sedentary and tend to stay close to their nesting territories in winter. However, those living near the northernmost limits of their range, in Sweden, Finland, and Russia, may move south in harsh weather conditions.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
Some magpies breed after their first year, while others remain in the non-breeding flocks and first breed in their second year. They are monogamous, and the pairs often remain together from one breeding season to the next. They generally occupy the same territory on successive years.Mating takes place in spring. During the courtship display, the males rapidly raise and lower their head feathers, lift and open their tails like fans, and call in soft tones that are quite distinct from their usual chatter. They bring the loose feathers of their flanks over their primaries and spread their shoulder patch so that the white is conspicuous, presumably to attract females. Short, buoyant flights and chases then follow.
Magpies prefer tall trees in which to build their bulky nests, firmly attaching them to a central fork in the upper branches. The framework of sticks is cemented with earth and clay, and the same material is used for the lining, which is covered with fine roots. Above this is a stout, though loosely built, dome of prickly branches with a single, well-concealed entrance. These huge nests are conspicuous when the leaves fall. Where trees are scarce, however, even in well-wooded areas, nests are sometimes built in bushes and hedgerows.
In 2023, biologists discovered magpie nests made from anti-bird spikes. A nest found in Antwerp now the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Center contains 1500 of these sharp metal spikes, made to deter birds. As they are placed in the dome of the nest to prevent predation of their chicks, they seem to be used in the same way they were intended to be used, to deter other birds.
In Europe, clutches are typically laid in April, and usually contain five or six eggs, though clutches with as few as three or as many as ten have been recorded. The eggs are usually laid at daily intervals in the early morning. On average, the eggs of the nominate species measure and weigh. Small for the size of the bird, they are typically pale blue-green, with close specks and spots of olive brown, but show much variation in ground colour and markings.
The female incubates the eggs for 21–22 days, while the male feeds her on the nest. The chicks are altricial, hatching nearly naked with closed eyes. They are brooded by the female for the first 5–10 days and fed by both parents. Initially the parents eat the faecal sacs of the nestlings, but as the chicks grow larger, they defecate on the edge of the nest. The nestlings open their eyes seven to eight days after hatching. Their body feathers begin to appear after around eight days, and their primary wing feathers after ten days. For several days before they are ready to leave the nest, the chicks climb around the nearby branches. They fledge at around 27 days. The parents then continue to feed the chicks for several more weeks. They will also protect them from predators as they are unable to fly well, which makes them vulnerable. On average, only three or four chicks survive to fledge successfully. Some nests are lost to predators, but starvation is a more important factor causing nestling mortality. Magpie eggs in a clutch hatch at different times, so if the parents have difficulty finding sufficient food, the last chicks to hatch are unlikely to survive. Only a single brood is reared, unless disaster overtakes the first clutch.
A study conducted near Sheffield in Britain, using birds with coloured rings on their legs, found that only 22% of fledglings survived their first year. For subsequent years, the survival rate for the adult birds was 69%, implying that for those birds that survive the first year, the average total lifespan was 3.7 years. The maximum age recorded for a magpie is 21 years and 8 months for a bird from near Coventry in England that was ringed in 1925 and shot in 1947.