December 1943


The following events occurred in December 1943:

December 1, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • The Cairo Declaration was released after the departure of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and China's President Chiang Kai-shek. For the first time, the Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan, and pledged that the Japanese Empire would be "stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914", that "all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China" and that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent".
  • The neutral Swedish "repatriation ship", the ocean liner MS Gripsholm, docked in the New York harbor with 1,223 American, 217 Canadians, and some Latin American nationals who had been captured by the Japanese during the early years of the war. The Gripsholm, which was allowed safe passage throughout the war by agreement of both the Axis and Allied powers, had brought the North American prisoners home from Mormugao in Portuguese India, where they had been taken by the Japanese exchange ship Teia Maru on October 16.Died: Prince Tisavarakumarn of Siam, 81, Minister of Education who founded the modern Thai educational system. As the Minister of the Interior, Prince Tisavarakumarn also reorganized the national bureaucracy.

December 2, 1943 (Thursday)

  • At least 83 people were killed by the release of gas from chemical weapons in the Italian port of Bari, and another 545 were injured, after a surprise air raid by 88 bombers from Germany's Luftwaffe. Unbeknownst to anyone except its commanding officers, the American merchant marine ship had been carrying a cargo of 2,000 M-47A1 mustard gas bombs. The ship was one of 17 Allied vessels that were sunk in the raid, but had stayed afloat until its deadly cargo had exploded. In that the only people who knew of the ship's cargo had been killed in the blast, physicians were uncertain of the cause of the blisters and burns of their patients until nine days later, when a British diver recovered a shell casing. Ironically, the Bari disaster would eventually converge with another research on cancer chemotherapy started in 1942, because of the findings that patients exposed to the sulfur mustard gas had reduced white blood cell counts; with the substitution of nitrogen for sulfur, the first compound that could fight cancer cells with minimal harm to healthy cells was created, with the derivation of the drug Mustine from nitrogen mustard compounds.
  • U.K. Labour Minister Ernest Bevin announced that one out of every ten men called up between the ages of 18 and 25 would be ordered to work in British coal mines. These conscript miners would be known as "Bevin Boys".Born: William Wegman, American photographer, in Holyoke, Massachusetts

December 3, 1943 (Friday)

  • Edward R. Murrow delivered his famous "Orchestrated Hell" broadcast over CBS Radio, describing a nighttime bombing raid on Berlin, by 619 Squadron RAF|619 Squadron], RAF, based at RAF Woodhall Spa. The night before, Murrow had been allowed to fly on board a 619 Sqn Avro Lancaster, codenamed "D for Dog", during the raid. Toward the close of his report, Murrow commented "Men die in the sky while others are roasted alive in their cellars. Berlin last night wasn't a pretty sight. In about 35 minutes it was hit with about three times the amount of stuff that ever came down on London in a night-long blitz."
  • In Yugoslavia, the German 2nd Panzer Army launched the counter-insurgency operation Operation Kugelblitz.
  • On the Belorussian front, Soviet forces captured Dovsk north of Gomel and moved towards Rogachev.
  • Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis convened a meeting between National League and American League team owners, and publishers from eight African-American newspapers, at the Hotel Roosevelt in New York, to discuss the prospects of allowing black players to compete for jobs in the all-white "Organized Baseball". Three press representatives, John Sengstacke of the Chicago Defender, Ira F. Lewis of the Pittsburgh Courier, and Howard Murphy of the Baltimore Afro-American were allowed to address the owners, and asked them to admit black players. Landis declared at the end, "Each club is entirely free to employ Negro players to any and all extent it pleases," but added that it would be "solely for each club's decision", rather than a league-wide mandate.

December 4, 1943 (Saturday)

  • In Yugoslavia, the Partisan resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaimed a provisional democratic Yugoslav government-in-exile, with lawyer Ivan Ribar to serve as the head of government after the war's end.
  • With unemployment figures falling fast due to war-related employment, President Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the Works Progress Administration, bringing a symbolic end to the Great Depression in the United States.
  • The Congress of Bolivia ratified the executive decree by President Enrique Peñaranda after a six-month debate, and declared war against the Axis Powers. In that 70 percent of the wholesale and large retail sellers in Bolivia were German-operated, Bolivian authorities sent supervisors to monitor their work, but elected not to close their operation. Peñaranda's decrees after the declaration of war, however, would lead to his overthrow later in the month. Bolivia became the 44th nation to join the Allies against the Axis nations. Nine independent nations— Afghanistan, Argentina, Ireland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey— remained neutral.
  • The Moro River Campaign began in Italy.
  • The Japanese escort carrier Chūyō was torpedoed and sunk in the Pacific Ocean by the American submarine Sailfish (SS-192)|Sailfish].

December 5, 1943 (Sunday)

  • The Allies began Operation Crossbow in an all-out effort to stop Germany's V-1 rocket program. The first "flying bomb" launch sites targeted were near Ligescourt in France, where U.S. Army Air Force B-26 bombers made an unsuccessful attempt to put a dent in the Nazi guided missile attacks.
  • The Battle of Sio began in New Guinea.
  • Italian Jews were interned for the first time at the Fossoli di Carpi concentration camp.
  • The Indian city of Calcutta was attacked in a daylight aerial bombardment for the first time, as Japanese bombers made a brief raid. There had been seven previous bombings of Calcutta, but all had taken place at night. The British Indian government announced that 167 civilians and one soldier were killed.
  • Singer Dinah Shore and film actor George Montgomery were married in Las Vegas, while Montgomery was on leave from his wartime service as an officer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.Born: Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate, European Parliament member, and Green Party candidate for President of France in 2012; in Grünerløkka

December 6, 1943 (Monday)

December 7, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 8, 1943 (Wednesday)

December 9, 1943 (Thursday)

December 10, 1943 (Friday)

December 11, 1943 (Saturday)

December 12, 1943 (Sunday)

December 13, 1943 (Monday)

  • The German 117th Jäger Division carried out the destruction of Kalavryta in Greece, rounding up to 460 adult men in the town and executing them with machine gun fire, then burning the town.
  • A wave of 1,462 American airplanes flew an early afternoon carpet bombing raid over the German cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Kiel. In a departure from previous missions, all bombers in a unit would release their high explosive bombs and incendiaries, simultaneously, on the population centers.
  • The German submarines U-172, U-391 and U-593 were lost to enemy action.

December 14, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 15, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • The first war crimes trial of World War II began at Kharkov in the Soviet Union, when three German officers and a Russian collaborator were tried for "crimes and atrocities ... links in a long chain of crimes which have been, and are still being, committed by the German invaders on the direct instructions of the German Government and of the Supreme Command of the German Army." The four men would be found guilty on December 18 and hanged the next morning, in public, in front of tens of thousands of spectators at Kharkov's main square.
  • The New Britain campaign began. American and Australian forces began the Battle of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester on New Britain in Papua New Guinea.
  • The biographical film Madame Curie, starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon as Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, was released.Born: Lucien den Arend, Dutch geometric abstract sculptor, in DordrechtDied: Fats Waller, 39, African-American jazz pianist and composer, of pneumonia, after collapsing on a train at Kansas City, Missouri.

December 16, 1943 (Thursday)

  • Seventy-three train passengers were killed and another 187 injured in the collision of two Atlantic Coast Line Railroad trains near Lumberton, North Carolina. At about 1:15 a.m., the Tamiami West Coast Champion, with 18 cars, derailed as it was traveling south during a snowstorm, and two Pullman sleeper cars and the diner car were knocked across the northbound track. Thirty-five minutes later, the Tamiami East Coast Champion, with 16 cars, moved past warning signals and crashed at full speed into the first train. Both trains had been traveling between New York City and Miami when their paths crossed in North Carolina.
  • Elfriede Scholz, the sister of Erich Maria Remarque, was beheaded after being convicted in the German "People's Court" of "undermining the war effort" by failing to denounce her famous brother, who had become successful in the United States. Judge Roland Freisler told Elfriede Remark Scholz, "Your brother is beyond our reach, but you will not escape us."
  • The German submarine U-73 (1940)|U-73] was sunk off Oran, Algeria by American warships.Born: Patti Deutsch, voice artist and comedic actress, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

December 17, 1943 (Friday)

December 18, 1943 (Saturday)

  • Heinrich Himmler ordered new rules for arrest and deportation of Jews in Germany, revoking most previous exemptions for Jews who had married Gentiles. Most Jewish spouses were ordered deported to the nominally Jewish city of Theresienstadt in January, rather than immediately to concentration camps. Exceptions continued to be made, however, for intermarried couples who had lost a son in combat, and for those who had very young children at home.
  • The Japanese destroyer Numakaze was torpedoed and sunk east of Naha, Okinawa by the American submarine Grayback (SS-208)|Grayback].
  • German SS soldiers carried out the Drakeia massacre in Greece, executing 118 men as part of so-called anti-partisan reprisals.Born:
  • * Keith Richards, English rock guitarist and songwriter for the Rolling Stones; in Dartford, KentKeith Richards, with James Fox, Life p. 21
  • * Bobby Keys, American saxophonist who backed up the 1988 debut album of Richards as a solo artist, Talk Is Cheap, as well as numerous other classic rock acts ; in Slaton, Texas

December 19, 1943 (Sunday)

December 20, 1943 (Monday)

  • In an act of mercy that would be written about nearly 70 years later in the popular book A Higher Call: An Incredible True Story of Combat and Chivalry in the War-Torn Skies of World War II, German Luftwaffe Oberleutnant Franz Stigler, a fighter ace with 22 victories, declined to shoot down the severely damaged American B-17 bomber Ye Olde Pub, and instead escorted the plane until it left German airspace. The American plane, piloted by 2nd Lieutenant Charlie Brown, had been on its first mission and was shot up before it could release its cargo of bombs. Flying back to England, it landed safely at its base at RAF Seething. Forty-seven years later, Brown would locate his benefactor, and he and Stigler would remain close friends until their deaths in 2008.
  • A colonel in Germany's SS intelligence division prepared a special report to his superiors outlining the requirements for a future invasion of Switzerland, which remained neutral during World War II.
  • Sixteen days after guiding Bolivia into World War II, President Enrique Peñaranda was overthrown in a military coup led by Major Gualberto Villarroel. Less than three years later, on July 21, 1946, Villarroel himself would be assassinated in another revolution.
  • The Battle of Ortona began between Canadian and German forces in Italy.
  • The German submarine U-850 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft from the escort carrier Bogue (CVE-9)|Bogue].Born: Jacqueline Pearce, English TV actress best known as the villainess "Servalan" on Blake's 7; in Woking Died: Captain Edward L. Beach Sr., 76, U.S. Navy officer and author

December 21, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 22, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • Hitler issued a "Führer Order" creating the "National Socialist Leadership Officers", charged with disseminating propaganda for "getting soldiers to believe in final victory" in the war "even if they did not know how it was going to be achieved".
  • The German government ordered that all boys aged 16 and older would be required to register for military duty in January.
  • The Second Battle of Kiev ended in Soviet victory.
  • The German light cruiser Niobe was sunk by British motor torpedo boats three days after running aground off Silba, Yugoslavia.Born: Gareth Morgan, Welsh-Canadian organizational theorist who developed the theory of "organizational metaphors" as a tool of management; in PorthcawlDied:
  • * Beatrix Potter, 77, children's book author known for the Peter Rabbit series, died of leukemia
  • * U.S. Army Lt. Col. William E. Dyess, 27, nicknamed the "One Man Scourge" for his fight against the Japanese in the Battle of Bataan. Dyess survived the Bataan Death March, then was able to escape the prisoner of war camp and to reveal the details of the march to the world press, but was killed when the P-38 airplane he was piloting caught on fire as he flew over Burbank, California. In an apparent effort to avoid crashing into houses, Dyess stayed with his plane and aimed for a vacant lot, clipping the roof of the St. Finbar's Catholic Church in his descent.

December 23, 1943 (Thursday)

December 24, 1943 (Friday)

  • In a nationwide radio address on the afternoon of Christmas Eve, President Roosevelt announced that U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower would command the Allied invasion of continental Europe during the coming year.
  • A fire at a transient lodging house in New York City killed 19 residents. The five-story Standard Hotel, located at 439 West 42nd Street, was gutted after a blaze began in a storage room shortly after midnight, and had 370 people in it at the time.
  • The Battle of Hellzapoppin Ridge and Hill 600A ended in Allied victory.
  • Soviet forces began the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive.
  • The American destroyer USS Leary was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine U-275.
  • The British destroyer Hurricane (H06)|Hurricane] was torpedoed in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine U-415 and scuttled the next day.
  • The German submarine U-645 was depth charged and sunk northeast of the Azores by the American destroyer Schenck (DD-159)|Schenck].Born: Tarja Halonen, 11th President of Finland, from 2000 to 2012; in Kallio

December 25, 1943 (Saturday)

  • Allied bombardment of Berlin was temporarily halted after a week of raids by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces that had ended with a heavy attack on the morning of Christmas Eve that killed more than 2,000 people. At the same time, no German bombers flew over the United Kingdom.
  • Sixty-four prisoners tunneled their way out of the Ninth Fort, a prison in German-occupied Lithuania near Šilainiai, used primarily for the housing of Lithuanian Jews until they could be murdered. By mid-January, 32 of the prisoners had been recaptured and five were killed while trying to get away. In all, 40,000 people would be murdered at the Fort, 25,000 of them from the Jewish community in Kaunas, 10,000 Jews deported from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, and thousands of Jewish prisoners of war from the Red Army. Obersturmfuhrer Franz Radif, the operator of the camp, was arrested for negligence but pardoned by Adolf Hitler after two months; after the war ended, Radif would be tried and executed in Czechoslovakia on January 8, 1947.
  • The drama film The Song of Bernadette starring Jennifer Jones had a double world premiere at the United Artists Theatre and the Carthay Circle Theatre in Hollywood.Born: Hanna Schygulla, German film actress, in Königshütte, Germany Died: William Irving, 50, German-born American film actor

December 26, 1943 (Sunday)

December 27, 1943 (Monday)

  • President Roosevelt signed an order seizing the railroads of the United States in advance of a December 30 strike of rail workers, and at 7:00 pm Washington time, soldiers from the U.S. Army began taking control of lines affected by the impending walkout. It was the first government control of the rails since December 26, 1917, when President Woodrow Wilson had acted during World War One. Control would end after an agreement between the unions and management on January 18.
  • The Battle of The Pimple began in New Guinea.Born: Martha Shelley, American lesbian activist and writer, as Martha Altman in BrooklynDied: Rupert Julian, 64, New Zealand-born film director and actor

December 28, 1943 (Tuesday)

December 29, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • Leo Pasvolsky of the U.S. State Department finished the draft proposal for the basic organization of the United Nations Charter, which Secretary of State Cordell Hull presented to President Roosevelt. Under Pasvolsky's plan, a "General Assembly", with representatives from all nations, would vote on most matters; a four-member "Executive Council" would vote on security matters, with the right of any one member to veto a decision; and a World Court would decide matters of international law. In the final version of the UN Charter, the Executive Council would be renamed the Security Council, and would include China as a fifth member.
  • In one of his first acts as the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe, General Eisenhower cabled an order to all of the Allied Commanders directing them to, as far as possible, avoid attacking the historic monuments of Italy. "Today we are fighting in a country which has contributed a great deal to our cultural inheritance," Eisenhower wrote. "We are bound to respect those monuments so far as war allows. If we have to choose between destroying a famous building and sacrificing our own men, then our men's lives count infinitely more and the buildings must go. But the choice is not always so clear-cut as that. In many cases the monuments can be spared without any detriment to operational needs."
  • Bombing of Berlin resumed after a Christmas halt, in one of the heaviest raids by the Royal Air Force up to that time, dropping incendiaries through a thick layer of clouds during a nighttime attack.
  • On the Ukrainian front the Soviet 60th Army recaptured Korosten, while the 40th Army took Skvyra.
  • The Axum, one of the more successful Italian submarines of the war, was scuttled after running aground off the Morea, Greece.Born: Rick Danko, Canadian singer and musician, in Blayney, Ontario

December 30, 1943 (Thursday)

December 31, 1943 (Friday)

  • Adolf Hitler delivered a New Year's message to the German people admitting that 1943 "brought us our heaviest reverses," and that 1944 "will make heavy demands on all Germans. This vast war will approach a crisis this year. We have every confidence that we will survive." Hitler stated that it was no news that the English intended to carry out a landing somewhere, but assured the German people that defences had been prepared that would "surprise our enemies more than their landings would surprise us."
  • British Deputy Prime Minister Clement Attlee broadcast a New Year's Eve message of his own to the people of the United Kingdom. Attlee declared that the "hour of reckoning has come" for the Nazis but urged the British people not to be complacent, stating: "We do know that in 1944 the war will blaze up into greater intensity than ever before, and that we must be prepared to face heavier casualties. Nineteen-forty-four may be the victory year; it will only be so if we continue to put forward our utmost efforts, and if we allow nothing to divert us from our main purpose."
  • Zhytomyr changed hands again as the Soviet 1st Ukrainian Front recaptured the city.
  • Argentina's President, General Pedro Ramírez, issued various year-end decrees, dissolving all political parties and restoring the requirement of Roman Catholic education in all Argentine public schools.Born:
  • * John Denver, American singer, songwriter and film actor, as Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr., in Roswell, New Mexico
  • * Sir Ben Kingsley, English film actor and Academy Award winner, as Krishna Bhanji, in Snainton
  • * Pete Quaife, rock bassist and founding member of The Kinks, in Tavistock, England