Subspecies of brown bear
Formerly or currently considered subspecies or populations of brown bears have been listed as follows:
List
Eurasia and North Africa
| Subspecies/population | Image | Distribution | Description/comments |
| Ursus arctos arctos – Eurasian brown bear or European brown bear | The most widespread subspecies in Europe, as well as their range in Western Russia and the Caucasus. May be found as far east in Russia as the Yenisei River in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to Novosibirsk Oblast in the south, where the subspecies intergrades into U. a. collaris. | A predominantly dark, richly brown colored, moderately sized subspecies with dark claws, the Eurasian brown bears occurring in Russia are larger than their European counterparts, which may be in part because they are hunted less. | |
| Ursus arctos beringianus – Kamchatkan brown bear or Far Eastern brown bear | the coastal lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk down as far as the Shantar Islands, Kolyma, all the land around the Shelikhov Gulf, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Paramushir Island | A very large bear with a broad muzzle. Overall has dark coloring, some animals appearing almost blackish-brown but will usually be paler at the top of the back. It may overlap with U. a. collaris extensively a few miles inland. It is thought to be the ancestor of the polar bear, the Kodiak bear, and the peninsular brown bears of Alaska. Middendorf described it from Greater Shantar Island with its distribution range comprising the eastern coast of Siberia and Japan. | |
| Ursus arctos collaris – East Siberian brown bear | A majority of Siberia from the Yenisei River to as far south as the Altai Mountains in northern Mongolia, northernmost Xinjiang and northeastern Kazakhstan. Ranges as far north as the southwestern Taymyr Peninsula and the Anabar River. As the farthest east ranging of all Old World brown bear populations, it is found in Chukotka as far as the coast of the Bering Strait to the east and the coast of the Chukchi Sea in the north. | Most bears of this type are fairly dark, but some are as pale as grizzly bears. It is intermediate in size between U. a. arctos and U. a. beringianus, with a proportionately larger skull than the nominate subspecies. In the sub-Arctic region of Yakutia, bears are reportedly quite small compared to other regions. | |
| Ursus arctos gobiensis – Gobi bear | the Gobi Desert, Mongolia | An extremely rare bear found in the Gobi Desert, this bear is adapted to desert life, dwelling in oases and rocky outcrops. It is rather small and pale and it appears to lack the whitish collar characteristic of Tibetan blue bears. Phylogenetic analysis suggests they represent a relict population of the Himalayan brown bear. At one time, Gobi bears probably overlapped and possibly interbred with Tibetan blue bears in western China, but the bears are now extinct in this area. | |
| Ursus arctos isabellinus – Himalayan brown bear or red bear, isabelline bear | northern Nepal, North India and Northern Pakistan, most continuous current range in Jammu and Kashmir | Quite distinctive physically, as it possess a reddish-brown or sandy-brown coat color with silver-tipped hairs and relatively large ears. This bear is smaller than most other brown bears found on the Asian continent. Prefers high altitude forests and alpine meadows. Critically Endangered. | |
| Ursus arctos lasiotus – Ussuri brown bear or Amur brown bear, Ezo brown bear, Manchurian grizzly bear, black grizzly bear | Russia: the southern Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, the Maritime Territory and the Ussuri/Amur River region south of the Stanovoy Range, China : Heilongjiang, Japan: Hokkaidō, Honshu, and the Korean Peninsula: North Korea. Became extinct on Rebun and Rishiri Islands in the 13th century AD. | Ursus arctos lasiotus is quite variable in size. Skull dimensions from mainland Russia indicate they can rival Kamchatkan brown bears in size. By contrast, the population found in Hokkaido is one of the smallest northern forms of the brown bear. Nonetheless, individuals from Hokkaido can reportedly get larger than expected and have reached. in weight by feeding on cultivations. This bear is thought to be the ancestor of U. a. horribilis. It is perhaps the darkest-colored population on average and some specimens are almost fully black in colour, although lighter brown and intermediate forms are known. Due to its coloring, this subspecies is sometimes informally referred to as the "black grizzly bear". | |
| Ursus arctos marsicanus – Marsican brown bear or Apennine brown bear | Marsica, central Italy | There are an estimated 40 to 50 bears remaining in the Marsican area. This is an unrecognized subspecies that is now considered to be a population of the nominate subspecies U. a. arctos. | |
| Ursus arctos pruinosus – Tibetan blue bear or horse bear | the Tibetan Plateau; some of the bears found in the Himalayas are reportedly actually wandering individuals from the more robustly populated Tibetan subspecies | This is a moderately-sized subspecies with long, shaggy fur. Both dark-colored and light-colored variants are encountered, with intermediate colors predominating. The fur around the neck, chest and shoulders is yellowish-brown or whitish and frequently forms a collar, which no other brown bear subspecies typically possesses in a mature state. Like the Himalayan brown bear, the ears are relatively prominent. The skull is distinguished by its relatively flattened choanae, an arch-like curve of the molar row and large teeth, probably in correlation to its particularly carnivorous habits. | |
| Ursus arctos pyrenaicus – Cantabrian brown bear or Iberian brown bear | The Iberian Peninsula, primarily the Cantabrian Mountains and the hills in Galicia, and the Pyrenees. Rare, sporadic sightings in northern Portugal. | Until recently, this brown bear population was considered a separate subspecies. Today, it is considered to belong to the nominate subspecies U. a. arctos. Scientific evidence based on DNA studies would furthermore indicate the Eurasian brown bear can be divided into two distinct lineages. "There is a clear division into two main mitochondrial lineages in modern Eurasian brown bear populations. These populations are divided into those carrying an eastern lineage, which is composed of Russian, northern Scandinavian and eastern European populations, and those carrying a western lineage, which is composed of two subgroups, one believed to originate from the Iberian Peninsula, including southern Scandinavian bears and the Pyrenean populations; and the other from the Italian–Balkan peninsulas. In addition, based on the subfossil record in northwestern Moldova and mitochondrial DNA data from modern populations, a Carpathian refuge has also been proposed." The Cantabrian brown bear is the largest wild animal on the Iberian Peninsula, although it is also one of the smallest of the brown bears, weighing between as an adult. Its fur varies from pale cream to dark brown, but always with a distinctively darker, nearly black tone at the paws and a yellowish tinge at the tip of each hair. The Cantabrian brown bear population in Spain is considered endangered. The bear population in the Pyrenees stems mostly from bears reintroduced from Slovenia, with one or two remaining original males. | |
| Ursus arctos syriacus – Syrian brown bear | Transcaucasia, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, western Afghanistan, eastern Lebanon, Pakistan, western Himalayas and the Pamir-Alay and Tian Shan Mountains. Despite a historical presence in Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic, it is believed to be extinct in these countries now. | The Syrian brown bear is a moderate- to small-sized subspecies with light claws. This population tends to be a whitish-blond color, with less noticeable black-based hairs than grizzly bears have. | |
| †Ursus arctos crowtheri – Atlas bear or North African brown bear, Crowther's bear | The Atlas Mountains and adjacent areas in North Africa, from Morocco to Libya. | The Atlas bear was the only bear species ever to be native to Africa. The last surviving Atlas bear is thought to have been killed by hunters in 1890. | |
| †Ursus arctos priscus – Steppe brown bear | Eurasia | The steppe brown bear was an extinct prehistoric brown bear subspecies that lived in places like Slovakia. It was more carnivorous than most bears today. |
North America
Ecotypes or regional populations
Brown bear size, most often measured in body mass, is highly variable and is correlated to extent of food access. Therefore, bears whose range in areas with access to openings, cover, and moisture or water are on average larger, whereas those bears that range into enclosed forested areas or arid, sparsely vegetated regions, both of which tend to be suboptimal foraging habitat for brown bears, average smaller. The brown bear in northern Europe, Yellowstone National Park or interior Alaska seasonally weigh on average between, from mean low adult female weights in spring to male bear mean high weights in fall. Brown bears from the Yukon Delta, interior British Columbia, Jasper National Park and southern Europe can weigh from on average. These mass variations represent only two widespread subspecies, the grizzly bear in North America and the Eurasian brown bear in Europe. Due to the lack of genetic variation within subspecies, the environmental conditions in a given area likely plays the largest part in such weight variations.The grizzly is especially variable in size, as grizzlies from the largest populations, i.e., interior Alaska, with the heaviest weights recorded in Nelchina, Alaska, nearly three times heavier in males than the smallest grizzlies from Alberta, Canada's Jasper National Park. Between the sexes, the grizzlies of Nelchina average around, whereas the Jasper grizzlies averaged about. The enclosed taiga habitat of Jasper presumably is sub-optimal foraging habitat for grizzlies, requiring them to range widely and feed sparsely, thus reducing body weights and putting bears at risk of starvation, while in surfaces areas in the tundra and prairie are apparently ideal for feeding. Even elsewhere in Alberta, weights averaging more than twice those of Jasper grizzlies have been recorded. A gradual diminishment in body size is noted in grizzly bears from the sub-Arctic zone, from the Brooks Range to the Mackenzie Mountains, presumably because food becomes much sparser in such regions, although perhaps the most northerly recorded grizzly bears ever, in the Northwest Territories, was a large and healthy male weighing, more than twice as much as an average male weighs near the Arctic Circle. Data from Eurasia similarly indicates a diminished body mass in sub-Arctic brown bears, based on the weights of bears from northern Finland and Yakutia.
Head-and-body length in grizzly bears averages from while in Eurasian brown bears it similarly averages from. Adult shoulder height averaged in Yellowstone and a median of in Slovakia. Standing on its hindlegs, a posture only assumed occasionally, typically sized brown bears can reportedly range from in standing height. Exceptionally large inland specimens have been reported in several parts of North America, Europe, Russia and even Hokkaido. The largest recorded grizzlies from Yellowstone and Washington both weighed approximately and Eastern European bears have been weighed in Slovakia and Bulgaria of up to, about double the average weight for male bears in these regions. Among the grizzly and Eurasian brown bear subspecies, the largest reportedly shot from each being and, respectively. The latter bear, from Western Russia, reportedly measured just under in head-and-body length.
In Eurasia, the size of bears roughly increases from the west to the east, with the largest bears there native to Eastern Russia. Even in the nominate subspecies, size increases in the eastern limits, with mature male bears in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Bashkortostan commonly exceeding. Other bears of intermediate size may occur in inland populations of Russia. Much like the grizzly bear and Eurasian brown bear, populations of the Ussuri brown bear and the East Siberian brown bear may vary widely in size. In some cases, the big adult males of these populations may have matched the Kodiak bear in size. East Siberian brown bears from outside the sub-Arctic and mainland Ussuri brown bears average about the same size as the largest-bodied populations of grizzly bears, i.e., those of similar latitude in Alaska, and have been credited with weights ranging from throughout the seasons. On the other hand, the Ussuri brown bears found in the insular population of Hokkaido are usually quite small, usually weighing less than, exactly half the weight reported for male Ussuri brown bears from Khabarovsk Krai. This is due presumably to the enclosed mixed forest habitat of Hokkaido. A similarly diminished size has been reported in East Siberian brown bears from Yakutia, as even adult males average around, thus about 40% less than the average weight of male bears of this subtype from central Siberia and the Chukchi Peninsula.
In linear measurements and mean body mass, several subspecies may vie for the title of smallest subtype, although thus far, their reported body masses broadly overlaps with those of the smaller-bodied populations of Eurasian brown bears and grizzly bears. Leopold described the now-extinct Mexican grizzly bear that, according to Rausch, as the smallest subtype of grizzly bear in North America, although the exact parameters of its body size are not known today. Bears of the Syrian subspecies will reportedly weigh around in adulthood. The Himalayan brown bear is another rival for the smallest subspecies; in Pakistan, this subtype averages about in females and in males. Himalayan brown bear females were cited with an average head-and-body length of merely. Brown bears of the compact Gobi Desert population, which is not usually listed as a distinct subspecies in recent decades, weigh around between the sexes, so they are similar in weight to bears from the Himalayas and even heavier than grizzlies from Jasper National Park. However, the Gobi bear has been reported to measure as small as in head-and-body length, which, if accurate, would make them the smallest known brown bear in linear dimensions. These smallest brown bear subtypes are characteristically found in "barren-ground" type habitats, i.e., sub-desert in bears of the Syrian subspecies and the Gobi subtype and arid alpine meadow in Himalayan brown bears.
File:Brown Bear us fish.jpg|thumb|upright|Considering pinnipeds and polar bears to be marine mammals, the Kodiak bear is the largest of the living land-based mammalian predators.
The largest subspecies are the Kodiak bear and the questionably-distinct peninsular giant bear or coastal brown bear. Also, the extinct California grizzly bear was rather large. Once mature, the typical female Kodiak bear can range in body mass from and from sexual maturity onward, males range from. According to the Guinness Book of World Records the average male Kodiak bear is in total length and has a shoulder height of. When averaged between their spring low and fall high weights from both localities, males from Kodiak island and coastal Alaska weighed from with a mean body mass of while the same figures in females were with a mean body mass of. By the time they reach or exceed eight to nine years of age, male Kodiak bears tend to be much larger than newly mature six-year-old males, potentially tripling their average weight within three years' time, and can expect to average between. The reported mean adult body masses for both sexes of the polar bear are very similar to the peninsular giant and Kodiak bears. Due to their roughly corresponding body sizes, the two subtypes and the species can both legitimately be considered the largest living member of the bear family Ursidae and the largest extant terrestrial carnivores. The largest widely accepted size for a wild Kodiak bear, as well as for a brown bear, was for a bear killed in English Bay on Kodiak Island in fall 1894 as several measurements were made of this bear, including a body mass of, and a hind foot and a voucher skull were examined and verified by the Guinness Book of World Records. Claims have been made of larger brown bears, but these appear to be poorly documented and unverified and some, even if recited by reputable authors, may be dubious hunters' claims.
The largest variety of brown bear from Eurasia is the Kamchatkan brown bear. In the Kamchatkan brown bears from past decades, old males have been known to reach a body mass of by fall, putting the subtype well within Kodiak bear sizes and leading it to be considered the largest of the extant Russian subtypes. However, a diminishment in body size of U. a. berigianus has been noted, mostly likely in correlation with overhunting. In the 1960s and 1970s, most adult Kamchatkan brown bears weighed merely between ; however, mean weights of mature male bears have been reported as averaging in 2005.