Business class
Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines, known by brand names which vary, by airline or rail company. In the airline industry, it was originally intended as an intermediate level of service between economy class and first class, but many airlines now offer business class as the highest level of service, having eliminated first-class seating. Business class is distinguished from other travel classes by the quality of seating, food, drinks, ground service and other amenities. In commercial aviation, full business class is usually denoted 'J' or 'C' with schedule flexibility, but can be many other letters depending on circumstances.
Airlines
History
Airlines began separating full-fare and discounted economy-class passengers in the late 1970s. In 1976, KLM introduced a Full Fare Facilities service for its full fare economy-class passengers, which allowed them to sit at the front of the economy cabin immediately behind first class, and this concept was quickly copied by several other airlines including Air Canada. Both United Airlines and Trans World Airlines experimented with a similar three-class concept in 1978, but abandoned it due to negative reactions from discount economy-class travelers who felt that amenities were being taken away from them. United also cited the difficulty of tracking which passengers should be seated in which section of the economy cabin on connecting flights. American Airlines also began separating full-fare economy passengers from discounted economy passengers in 1978, and offered open middle seats for full-fare passengers.Around this time, there was speculation in the airline industry that supersonic aircraft would corner the market for the highest-paying premium passengers, and that a three-class market would emerge consisting of supersonic first class and subsonic business and economy classes. In 1977, El Al announced plans to reconfigure its aircraft with a small first-class cabin and larger business-class cabin on the assumption that most transatlantic first-class passengers would shift their business to the Concorde.
British Airways introduced "Club World", a separate premium cabin with numerous amenities, in October 1978 under CEO Colin Marshall as a means of further distinguishing full-fare business travelers from tourists flying on discounted fares. Pan Am announced that it would introduce "Clipper Class" in July 1978, and both Air France and Pan Am introduced business class in November 1978. Qantas claims to have launched the world's first Business Class in 1979.
On November 1, 1981, Scandinavian Airlines System introduced EuroClass with a separate cabin, dedicated check-in counters and lounges for full-fare passengers. Simultaneously, first class disappeared from their European fleet.
Domestic and regional
Australia and New Zealand
Both Qantas and Virgin Australia offer business class on their domestic networks as well as on trans-Tasman flights to New Zealand. Flights between Perth and Sydney typically feature lie-flat seats, with deep recline cradle seats on other routes.On the other hand, Air New Zealand does not offer business class on its domestic network. Business Class is available on flights between New Zealand, Australia and the Pacific Islands when operated by Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 family aircraft, both of which have lie-flat seats.
North America
Canada
On short-haul flights Air Canada offers recliner seats, which are similar to what is offered on regional business class in the United States. However, on some high-capacity routes, such as Vancouver–Toronto, Air Canada utilizes its long-haul fleet, such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Boeing 767, and the Airbus A330. On flights using internationally configured aircraft such as these, the business-class product is a lie-flat product. However, on discount carriers, such as Air Transat, and WestJet Airlines, business class is "euro-style", an economy-class seat with a blocked middle seat for added comfort.United States
American Airlines and Delta Air Lines both exclusively use fully lie-flat Business Class seats with direct aisle access on their widebody aircraft. United Airlines is in the process of retrofitting their older lie-flat seats to a new design with aisle access for all passengers and increased privacy. A multiple course meal is served on china after takeoff, and depending on the flight length a chilled snack or light meal will be served before landing. International Business Class passengers have access to priority check-in and security, along with lounge access. United and American both also offer premium lounges with enhanced food service in their hubs for these passengers.Select routes between the East and West coasts are deemed "premium transcontinental" and offer a comparable experience to long haul international Business Class. However, it is uncommon for all seats to have direct aisle access. American uses a dedicated sub-fleet of 3-cabin A321T planes with 20 lie-flat Flagship Business seats in a 2-2 configuration for these flights. JetBlue also has a sub-fleet of A321s featuring their Mint Business Class, which alternates between a 2-2 lie flat seats and 1-1 suites with a closing door. United and Delta use a combination of wide and narrow body aircraft for these routes, with a variety of lie-flat seat designs.
Nearly all other flights in the US on American, United, Delta, and Alaska use 2-cabin narrowbody aircraft. The forward cabin is marketed as "First Class" on domestic routes but regardless uses a Business Class fare basis. These fares include a larger "recliner" seat, priority check-in/security/boarding, and increased service. Only Alaska Airlines allows lounge access for customers in "First Class" without further international travel. Both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are included, and are served in glassware or ceramic mugs. Meal service is highly variable depending on the airline, departure time, and route. Flights between hub airports during daytime hours are usually catered with a full warm meal regardless of the flight time. Regional jets do not have ovens, and all entrees are served chilled. At the very least, a flight attendant will pass around a basket containing premium snacks.
Europe
European carriers generally offer a business class consisting of enhanced economy seating with better service. There may be a curtain to separate business from economy class, based on demand, but the seats are in the same cabin. Some airlines such as Air France and Lufthansa use convertible seats that seat three people across in economy, or adjust with a lever to become two seats with a half seat length between them for business-class use.Business class has started to disappear from some short/medium haul routes, to be replaced with full fare economy and discount economy. On these routes, the seats are the same for all passengers, only the flexibility of the ticket and the food and beverage service differs. On shorter routes many airlines have removed business class entirely and offer only one class of service. British Airways used to offer "Business UK" on their domestic system, offering the same service as economy class, with the addition of expedited check-in, baggage reclaim, lounge access and priority boarding. In flight, until January 11, 2017, drink, tea or coffee and a snack were served to all customers, with a hot breakfast on flights prior to 9.29am.
Discount carriers
Most low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair and EasyJet in Europe, Tigerair in Australia, Southwest Airlines in the United States, and even some national carriers such as Aer Lingus and Air New Zealand on their domestic and regional networks do not offer any premium classes of service. Some, however, have options above a standard coach seat:- AirAsia charges a premium for passengers to sit in front of the aircraft or the exit seats which also offer more legroom as well as board first.
- On their domestic and trans-Tasman networks, Air New Zealand has Space + seats available complimentary for Koru Club elite members and for a small charge at check-in for others. Other than a few more inches of legroom the seats are identical to normal economy seats.
- JetBlue offers Even More Space for between $20 and $90 extra per segment. EML includes priority boarding and priority security screening but no other benefits.
- Spirit Airlines has Big Front Seats in the first row of all their aircraft. The seats were part of Spirit's former First Class offering, Spirit Plus, but now offer no benefits other than bigger seat pitch and a 2 by 2, rather than 3 by 3 arrangement.
Long haul
As with first class, all alcoholic beverages are complimentary and meals are of higher quality than economy class. Economy-class passengers are usually not permitted in the business-class cabin though first-class passengers are generally allowed to cross the curtain between business and first class.
Seating
Long-haul business-class seats are substantially different from economy-class seats, and many airlines have installed "lie-flat" seats into business class, whereas previously seats with such a recline were only available in international first class. There are essentially three types of long-haul business-class seats today. These are listed in ascending order of perceived "quality".- Cradle/recliner seats are seats with around 150-160 degrees of recline and substantially more leg room compared to the economy section. The seat pitch of business-class seats range from , and the seat size of business-class seats range from . Although many airlines have upgraded their long-haul business-class cabins to angled lie-flat or fully flat seats, cradle/recliner seats are still common in business class on shorter routes.
- Angled lie-flat seats recline 170 degrees to provide a flat sleeping surface, but are not parallel to the floor of the aircraft when reclined, making them less comfortable than a bed. Seat pitch typically ranges from, and seat width usually varies between. These seats first appeared on Northwest, Continental, JAL, Qantas and several other airlines in 2002 and 2003.
- Fully flat seats recline into a flat sleeping surface which is parallel to the floor. Many airlines offer such seats in international first class but retain inferior seating in business class to differentiate the two products and fares. British Airways, which introduced flat beds in first class in 1995, was among the first airlines to introduce fully flat business-class seats with its Club World product in 1999.
- *Herringbone seating, in which seats are positioned at an angle to the direction of travel, is used in some widebody cabins to allow direct aisle access for each seat and to allow a large number of fully flat seats to occupy a small cabin space. The concept was first developed by Virgin Atlantic for its Upper Class cabin and has since been used by Delta, Cathay Pacific, Air Canada and other airlines.
- Cabin seat, These seats are designed to give the business-class traveler the most privacy they can attain while in flight. These seats are typically positioned in a 1–2–1 arrangement on a wide-body jet. On each side of the seat is a privacy panel about four feet in height. Aircraft such as these offer the best ergonomic comfort on long-haul business-class flights. These were first introduced on US Airways.
Menus
While flying on a long-haul business-class flight, airlines such as Swiss, Lufthansa, SAS Scandinavian Airlines, and many others offer in-flight gourmet meals with a choice of entree. Upon seating in their seats, business-class passengers are presented with a choice of champagne, orange juice, or water, with a 3-5 course meal to follow during the flight. Depending on the time of arrival, the flight may offer either a breakfast with a variety of choices or a light snack approximately 90 minutes prior to landing. Some airlines, such as Singapore Airlines, allow travelers to request specific meals not on the regular menu prior to the flight. The alcoholic beverage choices for business-class cabins are generous, with airlines offering different premium wines, and an assortment of beers and liqueurs.Branding
The exact name for business class may vary between operators.Bold text indicates airlines for which business class is the highest class of service offered.
- Aegean Airlines "Business Class"
- Aer Lingus "Business Class"
- Aeroflot "President " "Президент" and "Premier " "Премьер"
- Aerolíneas Argentinas "Club Cóndor"
- Aeroméxico "Clase Premier"
- Air Algérie "Rouge Affaires"
- Air Astana "Business Class"
- Air Austral "Club Austral"
- Aircalin "Hibiscus class"
- Air Canada "Signature Class", "North America Business Class "
- Air China "Capital Pavilion"
- Air Europa "Business Class"
- Air France "Affaires"
- Air Greenland "Nanoq Class"
- Air India "Executive Class"
- Air Koryo "Business Class"
- Air Macau "Business Class"
- Air New Zealand "Business Premier"
- Air Seychelles "Pearl Class"
- AirAsia X Premium Flatbed
- Alaska Airlines "First Class" 77W business-class seat
- Alitalia "Magnifica" and "Ottima"
- All Nippon Airways "Business Class" and "Premium Class"
- American Airlines "Domestic First Class" and "Flagship Business"
- Asiana Airlines "Business Smartium" or "Business Class"
- Austrian Airlines "Business Class"
- Avianca "Business Class" "Clase Ejecutiva"
- Azul Brazilian Airlines "Business Xtra"
- Bangkok Airways "Blue Ribbon Class"
- Bassaka Air "Business Class"
- Batik Air "Business Class"
- Beijing Capital Airlines "Business Class"
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines "Business Class"
- British Airways "Club Suite", "Club World", "Club World London City" and "Club Europe"
- Cathay Dragon "Business Class"
- Cathay Pacific "Business Class "
- China Airlines "Business Class" and "Premium Business Class"
- China Eastern Airlines "Business Class"
- China Express Airlines "Business Class"
- China Southern Airlines "Business Class"
- Chongqing Airlines "Business Class"
- Copa Airlines "Clase Ejecutiva"
- Cyprus Airways "Apollo Class"
- Delta Air Lines "First Class", "Delta One" and "Delta One Suite"
- Donghai Airlines "Business Class"
- Druk Air "Business Class"
- El Al"מחלקת עסקים"
- EgyptAir "Horus" "حورس"
- Emirates "Business Class"
- Ethiopian Airlines "Cloud Nine"
- Etihad Airways "Pearl Business Class" and "Business Studio"
- EVA Air "Business Class", "Premium Laurel" and "Royal Laurel"
- Fiji Airways "Tabua Class"
- Garuda Indonesia "Executive Class"
- Gulf Air "Falcon Gold"
- Hainan Airlines "Business Class"
- Hawaiian Airlines "Business Class", and '"Premium Business Class",
- Hebei Airlines "Business Class"
- Himalaya Airlines "Business Class"
- Hong Kong Airlines"Business Class"
- Iberia "Business Plus" and "Business Class"
- Icelandair "Saga Class"
- Iran Air "Homa Class" "هما کلاس"
- Japan Airlines "JAL Business Class" and "Class J"
- Jazeera Airways "Business Class"
- JetBlue "Mint"
- Jetstar "Business Class"
- Juneyao Airlines "Business Class"
- Kenya Airways "Premiere World"
- KLM "World Business Class"
- Korean Air "Prestige Class"
- Kunming Airlines "Business Class"
- Kuwait Airways "Business Class"
- LAN Airlines "Premium Business"
- Lao Airlines "Business Class"
- Lucky Air "Business Class"
- LOT Polish Airlines "Elite Club" "Business Class"
- Lufthansa "Business Class"
- Mahan Air "Business Class", named "Premium Economy" in A340 long-haul flights, not available in BAe 146 aircraft
- Malaysia Airlines "Business Class"
- Maldivian "Business Class"
- Malindo Air "Business Class"
- MIAT Mongolian Airlines "Business Class"
- Middle East Airlines "Cedar Class"
- Myanmar National Airlines "Business Class"
- Nam Air "Business Class"
- Nepal Airlines "Shangrila Class"
- Norfolk Air "Bounty Class "
- Olympic Air "Business Class"
- Oman Air "Business Class"
- Pakistan International Airlines "Business Plus+"
- PAL Express "Business Class"
- Philippine Airlines "Business Class"
- Qantas "Business Suite" and "Business Class"
- Regent Airways "Business Class"
- Royal Air Maroc "Premium Class"
- Royal Brunei Airlines "Business Class"
- Royal Jordanian "Crown Class"
- Saudia "Horizon Class" "درجة الأفق"
- Scandinavian Airlines "Business Class on flights to/from Scandinavia and US/Asia, SAS PLUS within Europe"
- Scoot "ScootBiz"
- Shanghai Airlines "Business Class"
- Shenzhen Airlines "Business Class"
- Sichuan Airlines "Business Class"
- SilkAir "Business Class"
- Sky Angkor Airlines "Business Class"
- Singapore Airlines "Business Class"
- South African Airways "Business Class"
- SpiceJet "SpiceBiz"
- SriLankan Airlines "Business Class"
- Sriwijaya Air "Business Class"
- Swiss International Air Lines "SWISS Business"
- TAAG Angola Airlines "Executiva Class"
- TAP Portugal "TAP Executive"
- TAM Airlines "Executive Class" or "Classic Class"
- TAROM "Business Class"
- Thai AirAsia X Premium Flatbed
- Thai Airways "Royal Silk Class"
- Thai Lion Air "Business Class"
- Tianjin Airlines "Business Class"
- Tibet Airlines "Business Class"
- Turkish Airlines "Business Class"
- Turkmenistan Airlines "Business Class"
- United Airlines "United Polaris", "United Business", "United First"
- US-Bangla Airlines "Business Class"
- Uzbekistan Airways "Business Class"
- Vietnam Airlines "Business Class"
- Virgin Atlantic "Upper Class"
- Virgin Australia "Domestic Business" and "International Business"
- WestJet "Business Class"
- XiamenAir "Business Class"
Defunct
- AirTran Airways "Business Class"
- America West Airlines "America West First"
- British Caledonian "Executive/Super Executive"
- Canadian Airlines "Business Class"
- Continental Airlines "BusinessFirst"
- Jet Airways "Premiere Class"
- Kingfisher Airlines "Kingfisher First"
- Malév Hungarian Airlines "SkyClub Business Class"
- Mexicana de Aviación "Elite Class"
- Midwest Airlines "Signature Service"
- Mihin Lanka "Business Class"
- Northwest Airlines "World Business Class"
- Pan Am "Clipper Class"
- Spanair "Premium Class"
- Spirit Airlines "Spirit Plus"
- Trans World Airlines "Ambassador Class", "TransWorld One"
- US Airways "Envoy", "Business Class", "First Class"
Trains
Until June 2009, Via Rail in Canada premium-class service was called "Via 1", on short-range routes oriented towards business travel. The premium service on the transcontinental route is called "Silver & Blue". In June 2009, "Via 1" was renamed "Business Class" and "Silver & Blue" and "Easterly" were renamed "Sleeper Touring Class" and "Totem" was renamed "Touring Class".
Eurostar also offers business-class accommodation on their rail services – named "Business Premier", the seats are similar to the premium economy "Standard Premier" offering but include faster check-in, boarding and a full meal service, among other features. Chiltern Railways offers a business zone on selected services.
Queensland Rail in Australia also offers business class on its Electric Tilt Train.